A Prospective Test of Cognitive Vulnerability Models of Depression With Adolescent Girls
Section snippets
Participants
Participants were 496 adolescent females recruited from public and private middle schools in a metropolitan area of the Southwestern United States. Adolescents were in 10th and 11th grades at T1 for this report and ranged in age from 15 to 18 (M = 16.5). The sample was 2% Asian/Pacific Islanders, 7% African Americans, 68% Caucasians, 18% Latina, 1% Native Americans, and 4% “other” or “mixed” racial heritage, which was representative of the schools from which we sampled (2% Asian/Pacific
Preliminary analyses and descriptive statistics
Over the course of this prospective study, attrition averaged 1% to 2% annually, resulting in an available N of 480 to 488 for this report. Analyses verified that participants who were missing data at any assessment did not differ significantly from those who were not on demographic factors or any of the variables examined here, suggesting that attrition should not introduce bias. The correlations among the negative attributional style, perceived stress, self-esteem, and depressive symptom
Discussion
We sought to provide a rigorous prospective test of the cognitive vulnerability model and integrated cognitive vulnerability self-esteem model of depression within a study that addressed certain methodological limitations of prior studies (e.g., use of survey measures of depressive symptoms and relatively small samples). Our results provided support for the cognitive vulnerability model of depression (Abramson et al., 1978), which posits that stressors only predict future increases in
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by a career award (MH01708) and research grant (MH64560) from the National Institute of Health.
Thanks go to project research assistants, Sarah Kate Bearman, Melissa Fisher, Natalie McKee, Katherine Presnell, Jenn Tristan, and Katy Whitenton, our numerous undergraduate volunteers, the Austin Independent School District, and the participants who made this study possible.
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Cara Bohon is now at the University of Oregon.