3What is the role of falls?
Section snippets
Incidence
One third of the population aged 65 years and above fall each year2, 3, rising to 50% of people aged 85 years and above.4 Of those who fall, 50% do so repeatedly.5 Older community-dwelling women experience significantly more falls than do older men3, and even after allowing for physical and social factors women are 1.5 times more likely to fall than men.6 Women living alone are at greater risk of falling and sustaining an injury.2 The incidence of falls and fall-related injuries in
Falls risk factors
Maintaining balance is a complex task involving many systems which are affected by ageing and susceptible to impairments induced by disease. There has been a great deal of research focusing on risk factors for falling, and over 400 potential risk factors have been proposed.17 Fall risk factors are generally considered to be either intrinsic (i.e. those pertaining to the physical and cognitive status of the individual) or extrinsic (i.e. environmental hazards or factors affecting the interface
Identification of people at risk of falls
Falls risk assessment is particularly important in older people with osteoporosis, as over 60% of older people with femoral neck osteoporosis have fall-related risk factors,29 and 90% of hip fractures result from a fall.30 It is therefore likely that an understanding of clinical falls risk factors when combined with biochemical and radiological indicators of bone density will improve the accuracy of predicting future fracture risk.
It is important to differentiate between measures used to simply
History
When trying to establish the cause of a fall it is important to remember that most falls occur as a result of an interaction between intrinsic and extrinsic factors and that multiple risk factors increase the risk of falls.35 There are many disease processes seen more commonly in the older population that contribute to an increased risk of falls mainly through impairing postural stability. Table 2 highlights some of the disease processes that impact on the ability to maintain balance.
A detailed
Interventions to prevent falls/fractures
There is now good evidence that falls can be prevented in older people in a variety of populations and clinical settings: community-dwelling populations, care-home residents, older people presenting to the Emergency Department with a fall, inpatients, and those being discharged home from hospital. Figure 2 identifies the different populations studied and whether single or multifaceted interventions have been shown to prevent falls in these populations. Both single50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57
Summary
The complexity of the interaction between physiological variables, intrinsic disease and the external environment has often led to a nihilistic approach to the prevention of falls in older people and a view that falls are an inevitable consequence of ageing. However, there is now sound evidence to support the effectiveness of falls prevention programmes. Using assessments based on evidence-based risk factors amenable to correction, it is possible to identify and intervene in those most likely
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Pilates Reformer exercises for fall risk reduction in older adults: A randomized controlled trial
2018, Journal of Bodywork and Movement TherapiesCitation Excerpt :Thus, it is important to screen and identify individuals at risk for falling through utilization of activity/function-based instruments and impairment-based measurement tools (Muir et al., 2010b). The etiology of falls in the elderly is multifaceted, involving both extrinsic factors such as poor lighting and improper footwear, and intrinsic factors such as use of medication, cognitive decline, and visual impairment (Almeida et al., 2012; Bourque et al., 2007; Braun, 1998; Close et al., 2005; da Silva et al., 2010; Horak, 2006; Jennifer et al., 1993; Muir et al., 2010a; Pijnappels et al., 2008; Sinaki et al., 2005; Sirola et al., 2004). In addition, musculoskeletal impairments, including decreased hip and ankle AROM, can increase fall risk (Chiacchiero et al., 2010; Nelson and Amin, 1990; Tinetti et al., 1988).
Supervised Balance Training and Wii Fit–Based Exercises Lower Falls Risk in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
2018, Journal of the American Medical Directors AssociationAging, diabetes, and falls
2017, Endocrine PracticeThe effect of cell phone use on postural balance and mobility in older compared to young adults
2017, Physiology and BehaviorValidity of the modified Berg Balance Scale in adults with intellectual and visual disabilities
2017, Research in Developmental Disabilities