Child temperamental flexibility moderates the relation between positive parenting and adolescent adjustment☆
Section snippets
Participants
The current study involves a sample recruited from the Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research. Recruitment and baseline assessments began when children were aged 10–12 years (Time 1) and a follow-up assessment occurred when children were 12–14 (Time 2). Sampling methods were designed to recruit youth at high and low risk for substance use disorder (SUD) on the basis of the presence or absence of a lifetime diagnosis of SUD or other psychiatric disorders in the biological father (Tarter &
Results
Bivariate correlations, means, standard deviations, and ns for the study variables are presented in Table 1. Father acceptance and child-centeredness were negatively correlated with father-reported and mother-reported internalizing and externalizing problems. Similarly, mother acceptance and child-centeredness were negatively related to father-reported and mother-reported internalizing and externalizing symptoms.
With regard to sex differences among study variables, fathers rated boys as having
Discussion
The present study extends previous research by examining internalizing and externalizing symptoms among children with different levels of the lower-order temperamental feature of flexibility when exposed to positive parenting. Moreover, the current study expands extant research on diathesis-stress and differential susceptibility by examining adjustment among youth lower in flexibility when exposed to positive parenting practices during the transition to adolescence. Results from the present
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This research was supported in part by NIDA grant P50 DA005605 awarded to Ralph E. Tarter. We thank all study participants, in addition to Drs. Ralph Tarter, Michael Vanyukov, Peter J. Marshall, Hongling Xie, and Mark Schmitz for their contributions to the conceptualization, execution, and analysis of the current project, as well as comments and suggestions in the preparation of this manuscript.