Diabetic foot disease in the elderlyLe pied diabétique du sujet âgé

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1262-3636(07)80057-7Get rights and content

Abstract

Elderly diabetic patients are particularly burdened by foot disease. The main causes for foot disease are peripheral neuropathy, foot deformities and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Other risk factors include poor vision, gait abnormalities, reduced mobility and medical co-morbidities. The risk of major amputations increases with age, along with the increased prevalence of these risk factors. The true risk of amputation and other burdens of foot disease in the elderly are likely underestimated by current epidemiological data. The prevalence of neuropathy, foot deformities and PAD as well as the risk of amputation all increase with age even in non-diabetic patients. The principles of prevention and management of diabetic foot disease may also apply to large segments of the elderly non-diabetic population.

Foot ulcer prevention relies on the identification of high risk patients and avoidance of triggering events, such as ill-fitting shoes, walking barefoot or poor self-care. PAD is a major cause of amputation and should be prevented by lifelong attention to glycaemic control, treatment of hypertension and dyslipidemia, and avoidance of smoking.

The treatment of foot ulcers relies on pressure relief (off-loading), wound debridement, and treatment of infection and ischemia. It requires an individualized approach considering the patient's co-morbidities and functional status. Off-loading remains essential, but devices such as total contact casts or crutches can only rarely be implemented. However, providing adapted standard foot-wear and insisting on its consistent use even at home is often effective. The benefits of aggressive vascular or orthopaedic surgery should be weighed against the risks of prolonged hospitalisation and resulting functional decline. Greater attention to prevention and individualized care are needed to reduce the burden of diabetic foot disease in the elderly.

Résumé

Les patients diabétiques âgés sont particulièrement affectés par les complications au niveau du pied. Les principales causes d'atteintes du pied sont la neuropathie périphérique, les déformations du pied et les artériopathies des membres inférieurs (AMI). Les autres facteurs de risque incluent les troubles de la vision, les troubles de l'équilibre, une mobilité réduite et les co-morbidités médicales. Le risque d'amputations majeures augmente avec l'âge, avec l'augmentation de la prévalence de ces facteurs de risque. Le réel risque d'amputation et le poids des atteintes du pied chez les personnes âgées sont très certainement sous-estimés par les données épidémiologiques actuelles. La prévalence de la neuropathie, des déformations du pied et des AMI, tout comme celle du risque d'amputation, augmentent toutes avec l'âge, même chez les sujets non diabétiques. Les principes de prévention et de prise en charge du pied diabétique peuvent donc s'appliquer également à une large part de la population des sujets non diabétiques.

La prévention des ulcérations du pied repose sur l'identification des patients à haut risque et sur des mesures cherchant à éviter les événements déclenchants, tels un mauvais chaussage, la marche à pieds nus ou une hygiène insuffisante. Les AMI sont une cause majeure d'amputation et doivent être prévenues par une attention permanente au contrôle glycémique, au traitement de l'hypertension artérielle et des dyslipidémies, et à la suppression du tabagisme.

Le traitement des ulcérations du pied repose sur la levée des hyperpressions par la mise en décharge du pied, le débridement des plaies, et le traitement de l'infection et de l'ischémie. Il nécessite une approche individualisée, prenant en compte les co-morbidités et les capacités fonctionnelles du patient, qui demeure une mesure essentielle. Malheureusement, les moyens pour la mise en décharge que représentent les chaussures et les plâtres de décharge totale ou les béquilles de soutien ne peuvent être que rarement utilisés. Toutefois, la prescription de semelles adaptées, en insistant sur la nécessité de les utiliser en permanence, même au domicile, se révèle souvent efficace. Les bénéfices d'une chirurgie vasculaire ou orthopédique agressive doivent être mis en balance avec les risques d'une hospitalisation prolongée et du déclin fonctionnel qui en résulte. Une plus grande attention portée à la prévention et des soins individualisés sont nécessaires pour réduire le lourd fardeau que représente le pied diabétique et ses complications chez les personnes âgés.

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