Original articleFamily processes for children in early elementary school as predictors of smoking initiation
Section snippets
Sample design and data collection
Subjects in this study were drawn from the Raising Healthy Children (RHC) project, an ongoing longitudinal study of a sample of students drawn from 10 public schools in a suburban Pacific Northwest school district. Nine-hundred-thirty-eight students were enrolled in the project in fall 1993, when they were in either first or second grade at one of the participating schools. An additional 102 students who were from the same grade level cohorts and had transferred to the study schools were
Family circumstances, parent smoking, and child and peer characteristics
At the bivariate level, 9 of the 11 control variables were significantly associated with early initiation at the p < .05 level. Students were more likely to be early initiators if they were white, male, older, from a single-parent or low-income family, or had a parent who smoked. Students were also more likely to initiate cigarette smoking if they were rated relatively high in terms of antisocial behavior or low in terms of academic skills or if they reported relatively high levels of
Discussion
The analyses presented here investigate associations between initiation of cigarette use and family processes measured when children were in early elementary school. In assessing these relationships, child and peer characteristics in early childhood as well as parent smoking and household structure and income were controlled. The results indicate that some of the potential risk and protective factors predicted initiation in the expected direction when measured 4 years prior to when smoking
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by research grant # RO1 DA08093 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Edmonds School District #15 for their support and cooperation in the Raising Healthy Children Program.
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