Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
THE NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY OF OBESITY
Section snippets
NEUROENDOCRINE REGULATION OF ENERGY BALANCE
Within the last 6 years, endocrinologists have been able to close the feedback loop on the regulation of energy balance. This feedback loop has many inputs, neuromodulators, and effectors, a finding logical from a teleologic standpoint because the tight regulation of energy balance is essential to the survival and procreation of the species. In contrast to classic neuroendocrine negative feedback loops, the pituitary has a minor role. Instead, there are three primary neuroendocrine components
SUMMARY
The regulation of energy balance is enormously complex, with numerous genetic, hormonal, neural/behavioral, and societal influences. Although the current epidemic of obesity has its underpinnings in the changes in culture during the last half century, the role of the neuroendocrine system in the genesis of obesity is physiologically and therapeutically unavoidable. Increased understanding of this system has suggested organic etiologies (and therapies) for some rare and not-so-rare forms of
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Metabolism disrupting chemicals and metabolic disorders
2017, Reproductive ToxicologyCitation Excerpt :In the medulla, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the area postrema are key sites for the integration of these peripheral signals and for sending them to other integration sites located in the hypothalamus (for reviews see [64,65]). The hypothalamus participates in the regulation of food intake and body weight with two neuroendocrine components: the afferent peripheral system (stimulated in response to a meal) and the efferent system (regulating the feeding behavior and energy metabolism) [66,67]. The peripheral signals are the hormones insulin (secreted by the endocrine pancreas in response to changes in blood sugar), leptin (secreted by adipocytes in proportion to fat mass), ghrelin and orexin-A (secreted by the stomach and the gut) [68].
Chronic effect of aerobic exercise on anthropometric, biochemical and hemodynamic variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review
2016, Revista Andaluza de Medicina del DeporteCitation Excerpt :However, excess adipose tissue impedes the uptake of glucose by muscle tissue. Accordingly, reducing body fat percentage plays an important role in metabolic regulation, reducing the risk of developing diseases, particularly those of cardiovascular origin.14 The effects of aerobic training on BMI were assessed in Miller et al.,7 Vancea et al.,8 Ribeiro et al.9 and Andrade-Rodriguez et al.;10 Vancea et al.8 was the only one to show significant differences in BMI of DM2 patients in response to intervention.
Efficacy of single anastomosis sleeve ileal (SASI) bypass for type-2 diabetic morbid obese patients: Gastric bipartition, a novel metabolic surgery procedure: A retrospective cohort study
2016, International Journal of SurgeryCitation Excerpt :But patients stop eating earlier because they have the feeling that the stomach is full, and due to a hypothalamic-generated satiety sensation, which is caused by the perception of nutrients in their distal bowel. The intense distal gut stimulation reduces proximal bowel activity in another important way, and because distal gut hormones are satietogenic, they reduce gastric emptying [20]. SASI Bypass strongly reduces meal size and overeating and leads to an important reduction in animal fat consumption by changing taste preferences [21].
Sleep deprivation alters energy homeostasis through non-compensatory alterations in hypothalamic insulin receptors in Wistar rats
2014, Hormones and BehaviorCitation Excerpt :The hypothalamus is the main regulation locus of feeding behavior and energy expenditure (Abizaid and Horvath, 2008) and the neuropeptides and neurotransmitters acting in some hypothalamic nuclei are responsible for inhibiting or stimulating feeding behavior (Beck, 2000; Klok et al., 2007; Lustig, 2001). Regulation of these neuropeptides is made in part by peripheral hormones, such as insulin and leptin, which modulate satiety signals that determine the start and end of food intake and energy balance (Klok et al., 2007; Lustig, 2001; Schwartz et al., 1996). Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the time course of plasma concentrations of insulin and leptin and their hypothalamic receptors, correlating these values with food intake, body weight change and blood glucose, throughout four days of paradoxical sleep deprivation.
Address reprint requests to Robert Lustig, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Room S-672D, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, e-mail: [email protected]
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Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California