The College Alcohol Problems Scale
Introduction
Problems with alcohol are a major concern on college campuses today. Efforts to influence the rate of student alcohol problems are increasingly seen to be urgent priorities. Two recent nationwide surveys of college campuses have revealed that heavy drinking is the norm on many campuses and that alcohol-related problems are widespread Wechsler et al., 1994, Wechsler et al., 1998. Psychosocial interventions to reduce heavy, episodic drinking have traditionally not been highly effective (Moskowitz, 1989). However, more recent efforts have shown some reduction in harmful drinking (i.e., Darkes & Goldman, 1993, Darkes & Goldman, 1998, Haines & Spear, 1996, Marlatt et al., 1998).
Good measures of negative consequences related to alcohol consumption are needed to measure primary outcomes for these studies. College-age drinkers, who drink less often than adults but in greater quantities (Harford & Mills, 1978), are at high risk for alcohol problems. These problems are more often related to acute consumption rather than alcoholism or alcohol dependence. Alcoholism or alcohol dependence measures, such as the AUDIT (Babor & Grant, 1989), CAGE (Mayfield, McLeod, & Hall, 1974), and MAST (Selzer, 1971) do a good job of assessing individuals with chronic alcohol problems, but do not detect the heavy, episodic drinking patterns of many college students. Problems such as blackouts, hangovers, drunk driving, and unprotected sex are prevalent for college drinkers. Traditional measures have done a poor job assessing these problems Harrell et al., 1986, Mayer & Filstead, 1980, O'Gorman et al., 1976, White, 1989. Construction of a sound psychometric problem index is essential for intervention research. Recently, interventions to reduce college student drinking have become a national priority (US Department of Health and Human Services, 1997). Negative consequences are a central outcome measure of the effectiveness of this type of research. Highly reliable and valid measures are needed for the precise measurement of these outcomes.
In recent years, several instruments have been designed to measure negative related consequences among college students both using both ad hoc and psychometrically sound methods. Typically, these instruments have examined negative consequences as a global index, ignoring possible subfactors. Typical approaches to the development of an alcohol problem index involve asking an exhaustive list of possible problems that college students face without assessing the underlying factor structure. This decreases the sensitivity of the instrument and treats all problems equally. An extensive measurement study of alcohol problems resulted in the development of the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (White & Labouvie, 1989), which greatly improved the traditional ad hoc method of assessing alcohol-related problems. However, the researchers ignored the three-factor structure that resulted from a factor analysis on their original problems scale and opted for a single-factor instrument. The results of their measurement development lead to a fairly long, reliable and valid single-factor measure of alcohol problems. However, this scale does not provide a short psychometrically valid way to assess problems of drinking or examine possible subfactors that may exist in the data. Another measure that employed excellent measurement techniques was the Young Adult Alcohol Problems Screening Test (YAAPST; Hurlbut & Sher, 1992). While, this measure is well developed, it consists of only one factor and is fairly long (23 items) with many of the items being very infrequently endorsed reducing the variance to assess change in intervention studies.
One measure of alcohol problems developed for college students was constructed with careful attention to the underlying factor structure (O'Hare, 1997). The College Alcohol Problems Scale (CAPS) contains two subscales measuring community and socioemotional problems. This scale was constructed using principal components analysis (PCA) on a group of college students who had been cited for alcohol violations.
The goal of this study was to further refine the CAPS for use on the general population of college drinkers. This was accomplished in two consecutive studies. In Study I, the original version of the 10-item CAPS was examined using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and found to fit the data poorly. A revised version of the CAPS (CAPS-r) was then constructed using the 10 items from the original CAPS with 10 additional items used in the construction of the original scale. Sequential methods were used to find a two-factor eight-item solution. In Study II, a large, random sample of the entire university was collected. The response format was altered to match the YAAPST and analyses indicated that the scale fit well across a representative sample and was invariant across gender. Examination of external validity indicated that the scale was highly related to alcohol use and attitudes among college students.
Section snippets
Participants
Participants were 382 introductory psychology students who completed a questionnaire on alcohol behavior and attitudes in the fall of 1996 or the spring of 1997 for class credit. This study was conducted to develop measures and provide pilot data for a randomized trial of a standardized, individualized intervention for college drinkers based on the Transtheoretical Model. Informed consent was obtained from all participants before they completed the survey. Of this sample, 348 (91%) reported
Participants
A representative sample of undergraduates answered an anonymous survey of alcohol use and attitudes as part of the Campus Climate Checkup in the spring of 1999. The survey was conducted to assess drinking rates on campus, which would be used to direct policy and services. It was completed by 726 respondents using the Harvard Survey Method (DeJong & Wechsler, 1998). Informed consent was obtained from all participants before they completed the survey. Over 90% (91.3%; n=663) of the sample
Discussion
The objective of this study was to replicate and refine a short, psychometrically sound instrument to measure collegiate problem drinking. The development of the eight-item CAPS-r fulfills these goals. The CAPS-r is shown to have a stable factor structure, which is evident in both the exploratory and confirmatory samples. The personal and social problems subscales are only moderately correlated indicating a need to differentiate between the two subscales. While most studies show that males
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