Gender differences in temperament at six months and five years
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Cited by (50)
Relationships among caregiving, stress, and self-regulation in toddlers living in poverty
2022, Journal of Pediatric NursingCitation Excerpt :Given the characteristics of the sample, we merged education into three categories: no high school diploma (14.1%), high school diploma (36.5%), or attended at least some college (49.4%). Toddler sex was scored 1 = female and 0 = male, measured to account for potential differences in self-regulation characteristics by sex (Martin et al., 1997; Olino et al., 2013; Sorondo & Reeb-Sutherland, 2015). Given self-regulation in this study was measured with maternal report, we controlled for some aspects of toddler self-regulation by observing general toddler cognition with the cognitive subscale of the Bayley Scale of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition (Bayley, 2006), a gold-standard measure of early childhood development, when children were aged 20–24 months.
Temperament and sleep behaviors in infants and toddlers living in low-income homes
2021, Infant Behavior and DevelopmentCitation Excerpt :This dichotomy was chosen because most children in the sample were Black or White, and there may be differences in how mothers in low-income homes in the Midwest report infant affect and temperament by race (Palmer et al., 2013). Child sex was scored 1 = female and 0 = male to account for potential differences in temperament or sleep by sex (Martin, Wisenbaker, Baker, & Huttunen, 1997; Olino, Durbin, Klein, Hayden, & Dyson, 2013; Sorondo & Reeb-Sutherland, 2015). We also controlled for socioeconomic status (SES) within the sample by controlling for maternal education and household income to account for potential SES differences in child sleep (National Sleep Foundation, 2014; Sadeh et al., 2009; Williamson & Mindell, 2019).
Prenatal SSRI antidepressant use and maternal internalizing symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum: Exploring effects on infant temperament trajectories for boys and girls
2019, Journal of Affective DisordersCitation Excerpt :Sex-based differences in temperament are well-documented, and begin as early as infancy. Existing research indicates that girls tend to demonstrate more fearful or inhibited behaviors, compared to more frequent/intense approach-related behaviors reported for boys (e.g., activity, high intensity pleasure; Campbell and Eaton, 1999; Gartstein and Rothbart, 2003; Kivijärvi et al., 2005; Martin et al., 1997; Rothbart, 1988). Meta-analytic findings support large sex differences in a number of temperament domains across childhood, including higher effortful control among girls (e.g., inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity), and higher surgency among boys (e.g., activity level, high-intensity pleasure; Else-Quest et al., 2006).
How many infants are temperamentally difficult? Comparing norms from the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire to a population sample of UK infants
2015, Infant Behavior and DevelopmentCitation Excerpt :A number of parent education materials have also been developed based on the RITQ temperament subscales (Kurcinka, 1998; Neville & Williams, 2007). The RITQ is also used in many large-scale longitudinal studies such as the Millennium Cohort Study (Pickett, Wood, Adamson, DeSouza, & Wakschlag, 2008), the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care (Bradley & Corwyn, 2008), and the Helsinki Longitudinal Temperament Study (Martin, Wisenbaker, Baker, & Huttunen, 1997). Longitudinal studies have provided evidence that temperament is associated with later development of mental disorder (Lewis & Olsson, 2011; Sayal, Heron, Maughan, Rowe, & Ramchandani, 2013), behavioral problems (Prior, Sanson, Smart, & Oberklaid, 2000), as well as cognitive (Maziade, Côté, Boutin, & Bernier, 1987), language (Taylor, Christensen, Lawrence, Mitrou, & Zubrick, 2013), and academic performance outcomes (Saudino & Plomin, 2007).
Early-but modest-gender differences in focal aspects of childhood temperament
2013, Personality and Individual DifferencesCitation Excerpt :Therefore, for some domains of temperament, gender differences were expressed in opposing directions depending on the temperament assessment methodology. Fewer sex differences occur in infancy and significant differences begin to appear in toddlerhood and become more apparent in school age (Else-Quest et al., 2006; Martin, Wisenbaker, Baker, & Huttunen, 1997; Olino et al., in press). Therefore, an important period occurs between toddlerhood and preschool when gender differences begin to emerge.