Micro-shear bond strength of dual-cured resin cement to glass ceramics

doi:10.1016/S0109-5641(01)00054-9

Dental Materials

Volume 18, Issue 5, July 2002, Pages 380-388

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(01)00054-9 Get rights and content

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sandblasting, etching, and a silane coupling agent on the ability of dual-cured resin cement to bond to glass ceramics designed for in indirect adhesive restoration.

Methods: A cast glass ceramic (Olympas Castable Ceramics) with a crystalline phase consisting of mica and β-spondumene was selected as the substrate material. The glass surfaces, which were sandblasted, polished, or etched with phosphoric acid or hydrofluoric acid (HF), were bonded with a dual-cured resin cement (Panavia Fluoro Cement) using a dentin adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond), both with and without a silane coupling agent. A micro-shear bond test was carried out to measure the bond strength of the resin cement to the glass surface. Each glass surface was bonded and tested using the shear test. In addition, surfaces with the bonding removed after the shear bond test, the adhesive interface between the glass and cement, and an etched glass surface without any bonding, were studied morphologically using scanning electron microscopy or field emission scanning electron microscopy.

Results: Usage of a silane coupling agent effectively raised the bond-strength values of resin cement (Fisher's PLSD, P<0.01). The effectiveness of using phosphoric acid etching to improve bonding was not clear (Fisher's PLSD, P>0.01). HF-etching for 30 s seemed to over-etch the glass surface, resulting in adverse effects on bonding (Fisher's PLSD, P<0.01).

Significance: The micro-shear bond strength between Olympas Castable Ceramics and resin cement can be increased by the silane coupling agent used along with an acidic primer.

Introduction

The demands from dentists and patients, for tooth-colored posterior restorations such as inlays, onlays, and crowns have been increasing. For larger restorations, indirect methods are superior alternatives to direct resin composite fillings [1], [2], [3], [4]. The applications of dual-cured resin cements for tooth-colored indirect restorations have increased considerably because of their ability to set completely and their greater resistance to occlusal loading when compared with glass-ionomer cement [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. This luting requires several steps to secure optimal adhesion. Recently, dentin bonding systems with self-etching primers have been introduced, yielding major improvements in bonding to tooth structures [6]. The use of these adhesive systems is a result of attempts to improve the bonding quality while reducing the number of necessary procedures [6].

Ceramics are among the most biocompatible materials developed for dental restorations and are more durable under clinical conditions than composite materials [3], [4]. The retention of ceramic restorations can be achieved by chemical etching with acidic fluorides and subsequent treatment of a silane coupling agent prior to bonding with resin cement [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12]. Conditioning of ceramic surfaces with bonding systems also have been reported to increase the bonding of resin cement [2], [3], [4], [13], [14]. Although these procedures usually provide an excellent restorative service over the years, restoration processes can present a difficult challenge to the dentist.

Since the use of ceramic restorations requires considerable support from the underlying composite and enamel/dentin, the purpose of this study was to optimize the bond strength between composite resins and Olympas Castable Ceramic specimens by varying the ceramic surface preparation and bonding procedures with a dentin bonding system, a change which involves a self-etching primer for dentin.

Although investigators have used a variety of bond strength methods, shear testing has become a very popular method [13], [15], [16], [17]. Shear stresses are believed to be major stresses involved in in-vivo bonding failures of restorative materials [15], [16], [17]. In this study, bond strengths were assessed by means of a micro-shear bond test that measured bonding to small areas of the substrate [18]. In addition, conditioned glass ceramic surfaces and fractured bond sites were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and adhesive-substrate interfaces were evaluated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE–SEM).

Section snippets

Materials and methods

A cast glass ceramic designed for indirect restorations (Olympus Castable Ceramics, Olympus Co., Tokyo, Japan) was selected for the substrate material. The chemical components of the powder were Li₂O-Na₂O-MgO-ZnO-Al₂O₃-TiO₂-SiO₂-F, and the crystalline phase was NaMg₃(Si₃AlO₁₀)F₂ and Li₂OAl₂O₃4SiO₂ [19].

The 60 experimental rectangular plates were prepared by the lost-wax process. 60 wax patterns approximately 15 mm in length, 10 mm in width, and 1 mm in thickness were fabricated. The specimen was

Micro-shear bond test

The mean shear bond strength and standard deviations in MPa are shown in Table 2.

An ANOVA indicated that there were statistically significant interactions between the primer used and the surface treatments of glass ceramics (P<0.0001) and significant variance among the mean bond-strength values of each group (P<0.0001). The use of a silane coupling agent effectively raised the bond strength values of dual-cured resin cement (Fisher's PLSD, P<0.001) with the exception of HF-etching for 30 s (P

Discussion

Bond failure between resin cement and a ceramic restoration can result in clinical failure. For this reason a study of bond strength should investigate whether the treatment of a ceramic restoration with phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and silane before the restorative procedure is necessary or possibly detrimental. The manufacturers claim that the glass surface should be treated with phosphoric acid for 5 s prior to the application of a bonding system. In our in vitro study, the effect of

Conclusions

1.
A silane coupling agent mixed with an acidic primer can effectively increase the bonding strength between resin cement and cast glass ceramics.
2.
Olympas glass ceramics surfaces etched by hydrofluoric acid were found to provide no greater bond to resin cement than mechanical roughening with a sandblast.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Olympus Co., and Kuraray Co. for supplying the materials for this study.

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Citation Excerpt :
However, we used the phosphoric acid to etch the LD specimens instead of hydrofluoric acid since hydrofluoric acid is an extremely corrosive and hazardous to oral tissues and is not appropriate for intraoral usage (Maruo et al., 2016; Tian et al., 2014). Alternatively, phosphoric acid treated surface produces a clean, high-energetic and microporous surface and provides a strong bond strength when accompanied with silane treatment (Lyann et al., 2018; Shimada et al., 2002). Silane molecules must be activated by a hydrolysis process to effectively silanize the ceramic surface (Lung and Matinlinna, 2012; Matinlinna et al., 2004).
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of the ratio of different concentrations of silane to 1 wt% 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogenphosphate (MDP) in primer on the performance and durability of bonding to silica-based and zirconia ceramics.
Phosphoric acid–treated lithium–disilicate (LD) and alumina-blasted zirconia specimens were assigned to five groups according to surface chemical treatment with different concentrations of γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-MPTS) to 1 wt% MDP containing primer as follows: S0) without γ-MPTS; S1) 1 wt% γ-MPTS; S2) 2 wt% γ-MPTS; S5) 5 wt% γ-MPTS and S10) 10 wt% γ-MPTS. After priming, stainless-steel rods were bonded to the specimens with PanaviaV5 cement. Tensile bond strength (TBS) test was evaluated after 24-h (TC0) or 5000 thermocycling (TC5K). The wettability of primer-treated surfaces was measured using contact angle measurements. Surface elemental composition of zirconia was determined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The TBS data were analyzed using Weibull analysis. Contact angle data were analyzed by three-way analysis of variance (α = 0.05).
Before thermocycling, S5 (34.3 ± 4.5 MPa) showed the highest TBS compared to S1 (27.8 ± 5.2 MPa) and S2 (29.7 ± 4.8 MPa), and insignificant difference with S10 (30.6 ± 6.2 MPa) in LD. For zirconia there was no significant difference in all silane containing primers with S0 (p > 0.05). Thermocycling decreased TBS for all experimental groups among both ceramics (p < 0.05). Contact angles increased in S5 and S10 for both LD and zirconia ceramics. XPS analysis revealed that phosphorous peak of MDP was detected after priming. Additionally, silica peak of γ-MPTS coexist with MDP in S5 on zirconia surface.
The bond strength of lithium-disilicate ceramics was improved with 5% γ-MPTS in MDP primer. Moreover, increasing percentage of γ-MPTS by more than 5% has not improved the bond strength, conversely, it can alter the long-term durability of the bonded ceramic. MDP primers alone are best suited for efficient bonding of resin cement with zirconia ceramic.

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Micro-shear bond strength of dual-cured resin cement to glass ceramics

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Materials and methods

Micro-shear bond test

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

J Prosthet Dent

J Prosthet Dent

J Prosthet Dent

Dental Materials

J Non-Crystal Solids

J Prosthet Dent

J Am Dent Assoc

J Am Dent Assoc

Dent Mater

J Dent

The occlusal wear of posterior resin composites part 2. Short-term clinical evaluation of several restorative resin composites and resin inlays

Japan J Consev Dent

The wear of indirect tooth-colored posterior restorations and opposing tooth enamel clinical evaluation and in vitro study

Japan J Consev Dent

Clinical study on posterior esthetic machinable ceramic restorations

Japan J Consev Dent

Hardening of a new resin cements cured through a ceramic inlay

Oper Dent

Bonding to ground dentin by a Phenyl-P self-etching primer

J Dent Res

Tensile bond strength of etched porcelain (abstract)

J Dent Res