Shorter communicationPathways to fear in spider phobic children
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2016, Behaviour Research and TherapyWhat we fear most: A developmental advantage for threat-relevant stimuli
2013, Developmental ReviewReduction of verbally learned fear in children: A comparison between positive information, imagery, and a control condition
2011, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental PsychiatryOrigins of common fears in South African children
2008, Journal of Anxiety DisordersCitation Excerpt :The authors found that a majority of the children (89%) attributed their fear to negative information, whereas conditioning and modeling were less often mentioned by the children (36% and 56%, respectively). Further research has shown that the three pathways as described by Rachman's theory also seem to be involved in the acquisition of various specific types of childhood fears, including fear of dogs (King, Clowes-Hollins, & Ollendick, 1997), spiders (Merckelbach, Muris, & Schouten, 1996), and water (Graham & Gaffan, 1997; see for a review King, Gullone, & Ollendick, 1998). On a methodological note, studies that examined Rachman's three-pathways theory in children typically rely on questionnaires or interviews that employ rather liberal criteria for determining whether conditioning, modeling, and negative information experiences have played a role in the etiology of fears.