How small is too small in a twin pregnancy?,☆☆,

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine whether small twins had a survival advantage with respect to small singletons after controlling for other factors associated with adverse perinatal outcome.

STUDY DESIGN: A hospital-based cohort study included all births between 1980 and 1995 of babies born between 24 and 43 weeks’ gestation. Logistic regression was used to estimate the perinatal mortality risks for monochorionic and dichorionic twins with growth restriction after adjusting for gestational age, maternal age, parity, method of delivery, and the presence or absence of congenital malformations.

RESULTS: The study sample included 1062 dichorionic twins, 354 monochorionic twins, and 59,873 singletons. Small monochorionic and dichorionic twins showed a similar overall risk of perinatal mortality (odds ratio 1.40, confidence interval 0.86 to 2.25). However, monochorionic twins with birth weights <10th percentile faced an increased risk of perinatal death compared with singletons (odds ratio 2.45, confidence interval 1.20 to 5.02). Dichorionic twins had no such increased risk (odds ratio 0.91, confidence interval 0.45 to 1.84).

CONCLUSIONS: Twins with growth restriction are not protected against perinatal loss, even after adjusting for congenital malformations. In fact, monochorionic twins are more than twice as likely to die in the perinatal period as are their singleton counterparts. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:682-5.)

Section snippets

Material and methods

The McGill Obstetrical and Neonatal Database, a database of all singleton and twin births at the Royal Victoria Hospital from 1980 to 1995, provided information on 63,996 babies. This hospital is a tertiary care referral center. The gestational age at delivery assigned to each live-born baby was based on the last menstrual period, or on second-trimester ultrasonographic dating if the discrepancy between the age by ultrasonography and age by last menstrual period exceeded 7 days.

Results

The database included information on 63,996 fetuses and infants. Records for 1496 were excluded because the gestational age was unknown, <24 weeks, or >43 weeks. Of the remaining 61,500, 1627 (2.77%) were twins, reflecting the referral patterns to this tertiary care hospital. Within the twin group, 1062 (65.3%) were dichorionic, 325 (19.9%) were monochorionic diamnionic, 29 (1.8%) were monochorionic monoamnionic, and 211 (13.0%) had unknown chorionicity.

Comparison of the gestational age

Comment

Preterm delivery and discordance in fetal size are well-recognized risk factors for perinatal mortality in twin pregnancy.4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 The definition of and prognosis for growth restriction are much less clear. When controlling for gestational age, several authors have shown preterm twins to have lower perinatal mortality rates than seen among singletons.8, 10, 11 In contrast, Buekens and Wilcox9 reported that perinatal mortality was higher among small twins than among singletons when a

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From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Royal Victoria Hospital,a and the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatisticsb and Pediatrics,c McGill University.

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