Value of the cardiovascular physical examination for detecting valvular heart disease in asymptomatic subjects

doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00200-7

The American Journal of Cardiology

Volume 77, Issue 15, 15 June 1996, Pages 1327-1331

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00200-7 Get rights and content

Abstract

To determine the accuracy of the cardiovascular physical examination for the diagnosis of asymptomatic valvular heart disease (VHD), we prospectively studied 143 subjects, 68 apparent normal subjects and 75 patients with diseases known to produce VHD. All subjects underwent a complete physical examination with dynamic cardiac auscultation by a physician blinded to clinical data and compared with the results of transesophageal color Doppler echocardiography (TEE). By TEE, 33 subjects (23%), and by physical examination, 25 subjects (17%) had at least 1 form of VHD. Despite a high frequency of mild valve abnormalities and a 31% prevalence of functional murmurs, the physical examination showed a sensitivity of 70%, a specificity of 98% (confidence interval = 0.51 to 0.84, and 0.94 to 0.99, respectively), and a positive and negative predictive value of 92% for the diagnosis of VHD. Only 2 of the 10 patients with VHD by TEE, but not by physical examination, had clinically important VHD. We conclude that the physical examination is a sensitive and highly specific method of screening for VHD in subjects without cardiac symptoms. Therefore, its use should be encouraged rather than the routine application of echocardiography.

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Cited by (118)

The Cardiovascular Physical Examination – Is It Still Relevant?
2021, American Journal of Cardiology
Advances in technology have reshaped the practice of medicine. These changes have greatly benefited our patients. However, in the setting of these advances, the importance of basic clinical tools is more pertinent than ever. Despite the growing reliance on technology, the physical exam remains valuable and cost effective, often enabling the well-trained clinician to arrive at the diagnosis, rapidly and accurately. The physical exam must not become a relic of a distant past. We aim to investigate current competency and proficiency, proposals for change in teaching curriculums, and the relationship with technology such as hand-held echocardiography. A skillful exam provides both emotional and intellectual satisfaction. It may be a lost art but it is well worth the effort to restore.
Utility of physical examination and comparison to echocardiography for cardiac diagnosis
2017, Indian Heart Journal
Citation Excerpt :
For patient with combined AS and AR, there was substantial agreement for detection of both AS (κ = 0.626; CI = 0.352–0.9) and AR (κ = 0.781; CI = 0.544–1.018). Stenotic and regurgitant valvular lesions, when sorted according to disease severity on echocardiography and audibility of respective associated murmur on clinical examination, it became apparent that diagnosis is much more likely to be missed on physical examination in mild valvular lesions compared to moderate to severe valvular lesions (Table 3).13 Almost perfect agreement was found between clinical and echocardiographic detection for VSD (κ = 0.872; CI = 0.73–1.01) while substantial agreement noted for detection of PS (κ = 0.647; CI = 0.33–0.97) and ASD (κ = 0.646; CI = 0.32–0.97) (Table 2).
To find out the accuracy of cardiac auscultation using non-digital stethoscope in physical diagnosis of cardiac diseases.
We enrolled 104 consecutive patients with abnormal cardiac auscultatory findings attending cardiology clinic and not previously evaluated by echocardiography. One time detailed cardiac physical examination followed by echocardiography within 1 month was undertaken. Agreement between two methods was calculated using mean pair percentage agreement, kappa statistics (κ) and calculation of 95% confidence interval (CI) for kappa statistics.
Using kappa statistics, there was almost perfect agreement between cardiac auscultation and echocardiography for the detection of mitral stenosis (κ = 0.865; CI 0.76–0.97) and ventricular septal defect (κ = 0.872; CI = 0.73–1.01). Substantial agreement was noted for aortic stenosis (κ = 0.752; CI = 0.56–0.94), pulmonary stenosis (κ = 0.647; CI = 0.33–0.97) and atrial septal defect (κ = 0.646; CI = 0.32–0.97), while moderate agreement was found for mitral regurgitation (κ = 0.470; CI = 0.30–0.64), aortic regurgitation (κ = 0.456; CI = 0.25–0.66) and tricuspid regurgitation (κ = 0.575; CI = 0.38–0.77).
For combined mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation lesions, almost perfect agreement was found for mitral stenosis (κ = 0.842; CI = 0.691–0.993) while fair agreement noted for mitral regurgitation (κ = 0.255; CI = −0.008 to 0.518).
Careful clinical auscultation using a stethoscope remains a valuable tool for cardiac diagnosis. Decision on initial diagnosis and management of valvular and congenital heart diseases should be based on clinical examination and integrating such information with echocardiography as required.
Utility of Echocardiogram in the Evaluation of Heart Murmurs
2016, Medical Clinics of North America
Diagnosis of a systolic murmur among young asymptomatic patient: An assessment of professional practices for the expertise in military medicine
2015, Annales de Cardiologie et d'Angeiologie
La découverte d’un souffle systolique cardiaque est fréquente en unité. Souvent bénin chez l’adulte jeune asymptomatique, le souffle peut révéler une valvulopathie qui pourrait s’aggraver lors des activités physiques ou une cardiopathie exposant à un risque de mort subite. Cette étude a pour but d’évaluer l’efficience diagnostique du médecin d’unité devant la découverte d’un souffle systolique chez un jeune patient asymptomatique.
Ce travail prospectif d’un an a impliqué les trois centres médicaux des armées de Bretagne et les cardiologues de l’hôpital d’instruction des armées de Brest. La population étudiée regroupait des militaires de moins de 40 ans asymptomatiques sans cardiopathie sous-jacente connue. Le médecin d’unité a recueilli les caractéristiques du souffle et de l’ECG de manière anonyme en proposant un diagnostic : souffle innocent ou organique. Secondairement, le cardiologue a procédé de même puis a réalisé une échocardiographie délivrant le diagnostic final.
Cinquante-huit patients ont été adressés, 5 ne respectant pas les critères d’inclusion. Sur les 53 patients inclus, le médecin d’unité a retrouvé 46 souffles innocents et 7 souffles organiques. Le cardiologue a retrouvé 51 souffles innocents et 2 souffles organiques. L’échocardiographie n’a retenu qu’un souffle organique dépisté par le cardiologue mais considéré comme innocent en unité (lié à une bicuspidie aortique).
La majorité des souffles diagnostiqués innocents en unité (45/46) ont été confirmés. Parmi les 7 souffles considérés organiques, les arguments séméiologiques relevés (intensité supérieure à 3, persistance à l’orthostatisme, irradiation diffuse) procèdent des critères habituellement cités dans la littérature et témoignent de bons réflexes auscultatoires. Les auteurs proposent une conduite pratique devant la découverte d’un souffle systolique chez un patient jeune asymptomatique.
Le médecin d’unité semble maîtriser la séméiologie du souffle organique. Ce constat plaide en faveur de la promotion d’un examen clinique holistique afin de ne pas systématiser le recours à l’échocardiographie tant en termes d’économie de santé qu’en termes de valorisation de l’expertise médicale.
The finding of a systolic heart murmur is common in medical military practice. Albeit often benign among young healthy adults, it can reveal a valvular or a cardiac disease, which could worsen during workout or expose to risk of a sudden death. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of the military general practitioner when discovering a systolic murmur among young asymptomatic patients.
During one year, this study involved all the general practitioners of the medical military centres of Brittany and the cardiologists of the military hospital in Brest. It prospectively enrolled a cohort of all military asymptomatic patients under 40, without any underlying known heart condition. Military general practitioners listed, thanks to an anonymous form, the main features of the systolic murmur and of the ECG and proposed an auscultatory diagnosis: innocent or organic murmur. Then cardiologists did the same and finally performed a transthoracic echocardiography giving the diagnosis.
Fifty-eight patients were referred, 5 not meeting the inclusion criteria. Of the 53 patients included, military general practitioners found 46 innocent murmurs and 7 organic ones. Cardiologists found 51 innocent murmurs and 2 organic. Transthoracic echocardiography just took on one organic murmur (linked with a bicuspid aortic valve), spotted by the specialist, though judged innocent by the general practitioner.
Most of innocent murmurs diagnosed by general practitioners (45/46) were confirmed. Regarding the seven organic murmurs, the main selected criteria (intensity over 3, orthostatic persistence, diffuse irradiation) are mostly in accordance with the literature, proving right medical instincts. Authors propose a practical management of systolic murmurs among asymptomatic young patients.
Military general practitioners seem to master symptoms of organic murmur. This assessment argues for a promotion of a holistic clinical examination, which will help not only to rationalize the use of transthoracic echocardiography in economic terms but also to value the medical expertise.
The need for annual echocardiography to detect cabergoline-associated valvulopathy in patients with prolactinoma: A systematic review and additional clinical data
2015, The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology
Present recommendations by the US Food and Drug Administration advise that patients with prolactinoma treated with cabergoline should have an annual echocardiogram to screen for valvular heart disease. Here, we present new clinical data and a systematic review of the scientific literature showing that the prevalence of cabergoline-associated valvulopathy is very low. We prospectively assessed 40 patients with prolactinoma taking cabergoline. Cardiovascular examination before echocardiography detected an audible systolic murmur in 10% of cases (all were functional murmurs), and no clinically significant valvular lesion was shown on echocardiogram in the 90% of patients without a murmur. Our systematic review identified 21 studies that assessed the presence of valvular abnormalities in patients with prolactinoma treated with cabergoline. Including our new clinical data, only two (0·11%) of 1811 patients were confirmed to have cabergoline-associated valvulopathy (three [0·17%] if possible cases were included). The probability of clinically significant valvular heart disease is low in the absence of a murmur. On the basis of these findings, we challenge the present recommendations to do routine echocardiography in all patients taking cabergoline for prolactinoma every 12 months. We propose that such patients should be screened by a clinical cardiovascular examination and that echocardiogram should be reserved for those patients with an audible murmur, those treated for more than 5 years at a dose of more than 3 mg per week, or those who maintain cabergoline treatment after the age of 50 years.
Enhancing heart disease detection in IoT: optimizing long short-term memory with enhanced jellyfish optimization
2024, Multimedia Tools and Applications

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Value of the cardiovascular physical examination for detecting valvular heart disease in asymptomatic subjects

Abstract

J Am Coll Cardiol

Am J Cardiol

J Am Coll Cardiol

J Am Coll Cardiol

Am J Cardiol

Am J Cardiol

J Am Coll Cardiol

Am J Cardiol

Am J Cardiol

Two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of aortic valve morphology: feasibility of bicuspid valve detection. Prospective study of 100 adult patients

Br Heart J

Cross-sectional echocardiographic visualization of the stenotic pulmonary valve

Circulation

Assessment of chronic tricuspid regurgitation by color Doppler echocardiography: a comparison with angiography in the catheterization room

Eur Heart J

Continuous-wave Doppler echocardiographic assessment of severity of calcific aortic stenosis: a simultaneous Doppler-catheter correlative study in 100 adult patients

Circulation