Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
New researchEarly Behavioral Inhibition and Increased Error Monitoring Predict Later Social Phobia Symptoms in Childhood
Section snippets
Participants and Procedure
Infants (N = 779) were seen at 4 months of age, during which positive and negative affect and motor reactivity to novel stimuli were assessed (a complete description is provided by Hane et al.34). Of this sample, 291 infants (135 male and 156 female) representing the full range of reactivity were selected for a longitudinal study, with 64% white, 14% African American, and 22% from other backgrounds. When children were 24 and 36 months of age, observations were conducted on 268 participants, and
Results
To maintain consistency with prior research,1, 48, 49 high- and low-BI groups were created via median split (Table 1). The two BI groups did not differ on age [t (111) = 0.43, p = .67], sex [χ2 (1, n = 113) = 0.19, p = .66], ethnicity [χ2 (11, n = 113) = 11.25, p = .42], CBCL anxiety [t (100.47) = −1.53, p = .13], or social phobia symptoms [t (76) = −0.50, p = .62].
Discussion
In this prospective study, 7-year-old children, characterized with BI at ages 2 and 3 years, participated in a Flanker task. When these children were 9 years old, self- and maternal-report measures of social phobia symptoms were obtained. Two main findings emerged. First, high behaviorally inhibited children exhibited increased ERN amplitudes, as compared to low behaviorally inhibited children. Second, the ERN–CRN difference in amplitude moderated the relations between early BI, as quantified 4
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This project was supported by a grant from NIMH (U01MH093349; N.A.F.), by the NIMH Intramural Research Program, and by a Lawson Foundation Post-Doctoral Fellowship (A.L.).
Disclosures: Drs. Lahat, Lamm, Chronis-Tuscano, Pine, Henderson, and Fox report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.