Alcohol abuse in social phobia
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The Clinical and Theoretical Basis for Integrated Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Comorbid Social Anxiety and Alcohol Use Disorders
2015, Cognitive and Behavioral PracticeCitation Excerpt :Increasingly, comorbidity of social anxiety and alcohol use disorders is understood as a clinically important relationship involving mutually reinforcing connections between disorders (Baillie & Sannibale, 2007; Kushner, Abrams, & Borchardt, 2000). Some authors suggest anxiety should be conceptualized as a consequence of alcohol use or withdrawal rather than a separate disorder (Schuckit & Hesselbrock, 1994); however, in the case of social anxiety, onset typically predates the alcohol use disorder (Schneier et al., 1989), and symptoms persist during periods of abstinence from alcohol (Driessen et al., 2001; Sclafani, Finn, & Fein, 2007). To explain the interrelationship between alcohol and anxiety disorders, early comorbidity models proposed that alcohol is negatively reinforcing for anxious individuals because it alleviates tension (Conger, 1951; Sher & Levenson, 1982).
Shyness, Social Anxiety, and Social Phobia
2014, Social Anxiety: Clinical, Developmental, and Social Perspectives: Third EditionAge of onset of social anxiety disorder in depressed outpatients
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The authors acknowledge with gratitude the contribution of Donald F. Klein, M.D., Director of the Department of Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute.