Introspection and verbal reports on cognitive processes—Two approaches to the study of thinking: A response to Howe

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      Please also state whether the provided information positively or negatively influenced your funding decision’. Combining ex-post decision-making qualitative data collected with data received from applying the thinking-aloud method helped to overcome the potential drawbacks from applying solely the thinking-aloud method (Ericsson and Crutcher, 1991). At the same time, the limited number of participants in experimental settings restricts the number of observations, and the qualitative data collected is exploratory.

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      Although Ericsson and Crutcher demarcate their approach from the perception topic, since this is allegedly determined solely by external stimuli, the principal controllability of perceptual reversals and the widely recognized participation of top-down processes (in the neural sense) suggest that corresponding forms of data collection also seem possible for this topic. For our purposes, it is particularly of importance that „increased concentration does not interfere with the normal course of thought processes and once the task is completed, these detailed memory images can be retrieved and carefully analysed as part of the introspective report“ (Ericsson & Crutcher, 1991, p. 61). Also for the elicitation interview method the possibility of subsequently (re-) enactivating an original experience for the purpose of verbalization is confirmed (Petitmengin, 2006).

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      This method is a means to handle some methodological issues with the more traditional concurrent and retrospective verbalisation protocols. The traditional methods tend to be invasive to the studied task (e.g., Bartl & Dörner, 1998; Dickson, McLennan, & Omodei, 2000; Ericsson & Crutcher, 1991; Ericsson & Simon, 1980; Ericsson & Simon, 1984) and verbalisers are also not always able to describe their skills due to the knowledge being tacit (Polanyi, 1967). Furthermore, if the verbalisation is performed too late, crucial knowledge might have decayed from working memory (Ericsson & Simon, 1984; Gibbons, 1983) which increases the chances that verbalisers may only focus on issues close at hand, thus overlooking infrequent incidents (Wright & Ayton, 1987) or verbalisers might even confabulate by rationalising their behaviour (Bainbridge, 1979; van Someren, Barnard, & Sandberg, 1994).

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    Commentary on R.B.K. Howe (1991) Introspection: A reassessment, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 25–44.

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