Research paperBiopharmaceutics of rectal administration of drugs in man 7. Absorption rate and bioavailability of phenobarbital and its sodium salt from rectal dosage forms
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A novel physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of rectal absorption, evaluated and verified using clinical data on 10 rectally administered drugs
2023, International Journal of PharmaceuticsPharmacokinetics of Phenobarbital in Microenema Via Macy Catheter Versus Suppository
2016, Journal of Pain and Symptom ManagementCitation Excerpt :Our study demonstrates that phenobarbital oral tablets crushed and suspended in water and administered via the MC is superior to suppository in delivering the medication reliably, rapidly, and comfortably. Our data are consistent with that of Moolenaar et al. who demonstrated that phenobarbital in both sodium and acid forms mixed in a 20 mL aqueous microenema solution consisting of 0.5% methylcellulose and distilled water is well absorbed rectally, with practically complete absorption at 6.5 hours after drug administration.7 They further demonstrated that drug absorption from microenema solution was faster than from suppositories.
Intramuscular and rectal therapies of acute seizures
2015, Epilepsy and BehaviorCitation Excerpt :The rectal solution was compared to IV, IM, and oral solutions. As expected, the IV solution was the most rapid, but rectal solution was faster than oral solution, which was faster than IM solution; a suppository was the slowest [58]. However, DZP in a gel preparation may be more reliable.
In vivo evaluation of anticonvulsant and antioxidant effects of phenobarbital microemulsion for transdermal administration in pilocarpine seizure rat model
2015, Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorCitation Excerpt :In the literature, there are several papers describing the study of alternative formulations available in the market for the drug phenobarbital. Among these formulations, there can be cited: suppositories (Moolenaar et al., 1979); oral suspension (Yska et al., 2000; Morantes et al., 2010); oral solution (Jelveghari and Nokhodchi, 2008); hydrogel and emulsion for transdermal use (Odria et al., 2005). There are also studies about new drug delivery system, such as skin penetration of phenobarbital using iontophoresis (Djabri et al., 2012).
Rectal and Vaginal
2023, Practical Pharmaceutics: An International Guideline for the Preparation, Care and Use of Medicinal Products, Second EditionPrinciples of Pharmacotherapy of Seizures and Status Epilepticus
2020, Seminars in Neurology