EEG correlates of eye contact and interpersonal distance
References (15)
- et al.
Eye gaze and the GSR
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
(1971) - et al.
Eye contact, distance and affiliation
Sociometry
(1965) Electrophysiology and behaviour
Annual Review of Psychology
(1975)Mutual glance and the significance of the look
Advancement of Science
(1970)An electromyographic study of apprehension about evaluation
Psychological Reports
(1973)An electromyographic study of social facilitation: a test of the ‘mere presence’ hypothesis
British Journal of Psychology
(1974)- Chapman, A.J. (in press). Eye contact, physical proximity and laughter: a re-examination of the equilibrium model of...
Cited by (84)
Meeting another's gaze shortens subjective time by capturing attention
2021, CognitionCitation Excerpt :Using behavioral responses, previous research already found that direct gaze enhances attention and cognition compared with averted gaze or closed eyes (Bockler et al., 2014; Conty et al., 2006; Doi et al., 2009; Lyyra et al., 2018; Senju & Hasegawa, 2005; von Grunau & Anston, 1995). While some have argued that attentional capture by direct gaze might be explained by a higher affective value of direct gaze (Donovan & Leavitt, 1980; Gale et al., 1975; Helminen et al., 2011; Hietanen et al., 2008; Kylliainen et al., 2012; Nichols & Champness, 1971), other models of gaze contact argued that attentional capture by direct gaze caused the higher affective evaluation of direct gaze (Conty et al., 2016; Senju & Johnson, 2009a). What might be the reason for the temporal distortion with dynamic eyes?
Eye contact in virtual reality – A psychophysiological study
2020, Computers in Human BehaviorCitation Excerpt :Interestingly, these attention and emotion related physiological responses to direct gaze seem to be triggered by live faces, but not by viewing face photographs or videos. Several early eye contact studies reported more physiological arousal during an interaction with a live confederate portraying direct gaze compared to other gaze directions (as measured by SCRs, HR acceleration and EEG alpha activity; Gale et al., 1972, 1975; Kleinke & Pohlen, 1971; Nichols & Champness, 1971). In contrast, numerous subsequent studies found no evidence that direct gaze on pictures or videos would evoke larger physiological responses than other gaze directions (measured by SCRs, HR responses and pupil size; Donovan & Leavitt, 1980; Joseph, Ehrman, McNally, & Keehn, 2008; Kampe, Frith, & Frith, 2003; Leavitt & Donovan, 1979; Lyyra, Myllyneva, & Hietanen, 2018; Schrammel, Pannasch, Graupner, Mojzisch, & Velichkovsky, 2009; Wieser, Pauli, Alpers, & Mühlberger, 2009).
Watching Eyes effects: When others meet the self
2016, Consciousness and CognitionNeural correlates of "social gaze" processing in high-functioning autism under systematic variation of gaze duration
2013, NeuroImage: ClinicalCitation Excerpt :In search of the neural correlates of the processing of social gaze, neuroimaging studies have focused to a large degree on the processing of gaze direction in various contexts. Electrophysiological evidence has robustly indicated differential neural activity for direct gaze versus averted gaze (Conty et al., 2007; Gale et al., 1975; Hietanen et al., 2008a, 2008b; Senju et al., 2005). FMRI studies have further explored the specific brain regions involved in processing gaze direction (for reviews, see Grosbras et al., 2005; Itier and Batty, 2009; Nummenmaa and Calder, 2009; Senju and Johnson, 2009b).
Eye contact and arousal: The effects of stimulus duration
2011, Biological PsychologyCitation Excerpt :One reason may be related to the fact that the results of those few studies on this issue have not been consistent. On the one hand, there are studies showing that seeing another person's direct gaze vs. averted gaze results in heightened levels of arousal as measured with the skin conductance responses (Nichols and Champness, 1971), heart-rate (Kleinke and Pohlen, 1971), and EEG alfa-arousal (Gale et al., 1972, 1975). On the other hand, there are also a group of studies which have found only marginal differences (Donovan and Leavitt, 1980) or which have not found any differences at all in autonomic arousal for direct vs. averted gaze in typically developing children and adults (Joseph et al., 2008; Kampe et al., 2003; Kylliäinen and Hietanen, 2006; Leavitt and Donovan, 1979; Martin and Gardner, 1979; Wieser et al., 2009).
Cortical processing of head- and eye-gaze cues guiding joint social attention
2011, NeuroImageCitation Excerpt :Another reason might be that the eyes pointing towards the central target might have been perceived as similar to eye contact. Eye contact serves as a very strong social signal, as has been shown for example in studies measuring physiological responses (Gale et al., 1975; Mazur et al., 1980). They revealed that mutual gaze causes higher physiological arousal compared to control conditions of non-mutual gaze.