Socialization and personality: Study through questionnaires in a preadult Spanish population

doi:10.1016/0191-8869(86)90011-5

Personality and Individual Differences

Volume 7, Issue 3, 1986, Pages 355-372

https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(86)90011-5 Get rights and content

Abstract

This is a study on a Spanish (Valencian) population of children and adolescents, of a battery of personality questionnaires including the Silva and Martorell ‘Batería de Socialización—3’ (BAS-3; Silva, Martorell and Clemente, 1985), the Eysenck and Eysenck (1980) I₆ (Junior), an adaptation of the Allsopp and Feldman (1976) ASB and also adding the Spanish version of the EPQ-J (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1981). Data allow both ‘internal’ analyses—where intercorrelations between scales and the corresponding factorial matrices are particularly interesting—and ‘external’ analyses of relations with other variables, either identification variables or criterion variables, Delinquency being outstanding among the latter.

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In this meta-analytic review, Hans J. Eysenck’s theory of criminality (Eysenck, 1964, Eysenck, 1977) serves as a theoretical framework for examining the relations between higher order personality dimensions and antisocial behavior (ASB). The three higher order dimensions examined are referred to as extraversion/sociability, neuroticism/emotionality, and impulsivity/disinhibition (see Sher & Trull, 1994), and they are likened to Eysenck’s dimensions of extraversion (E), neuroticism (N), and psychoticism (P), respectively (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975) and Tellegen’s dimensions of positive emotionality (PEM), negative emotionality (NEM), and constraint (reversed) (CON), respectively (Tellegen, 1982). Ninety-seven samples, from 52 published and unpublished studies, were reviewed. The results indicated that among the “Big 3” personality dimensions, impulsivity/disinhibition is most strongly related to ASB and extraversion/sociability is least strongly related to ASB. Additional variables, including age and methodological differences, were found to moderate the associations between the personality dimensions and ASB.
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This study was designed to investigate the relationships of the socialisation process with the Big-Five personality traits, empathy, parent-rearing styles and social values. The main aim was to detect which variables predict better socialisation outcomes. A socialisation battery for adolescents (BAS-3), the Big-Five Questionnaire (BFQ), Bryant’s Index of Empathy (IECA), the Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran-My memories of upbringing (EMBU) and a Social Values Inventory (SVI) were applied to 832 Spanish adolescents. Also, 134 parent couples agreed to fill out the version of the socialisation battery for adolescents’ parents (BAS-2). Results show that personality dispositions, parent-rearing styles and social values were related to socialisation reported by children. Patterns of relationships showed that different variables account for different socialisation outcomes. However, when these variables were related to the socialisation outcomes reported by parents, relationships were considerably lower. The implications of the present study are discussed.
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Personality variables have been considered as major determinants of delinquent behaviour in various theoretical models and numerous empirical studies. Particular attention has been paid to “temperament” variables, which are considered to have a biological basis. In the present study, we examined relationships between self-reported antisocial behaviour and a number of temperament variables (extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism, impulsivity, sensation seeking) in three subject groups: 435 school-attending male adolescents, 529 school-attending female adolescents, and 95 institutionalized delinquent male adolescents. This study design, unlike that of most previous studies of this type, allowed control for the factor of institutionalization, and included a longitudinal analysis, in that questionnaires were administered to the school-attending subjects twice with a 1-year interval. The results confirm that several temperament variables, characterized by high sensitivity to reward and/or weak response to punishment signals, are closely associated with antisocial behaviour. Our findings suggest that personality variables should be included in criminological models, and taken into account in intervention programs.
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The DOI Kit is a four-version instrument (Junior Self and Other-Report, and Adult Self-and Other-Report) developed in Spain to measure ‘Dimensions of Interpersonal Orientation’ (Spanish: ‘Dimensiones de Orientación Interpersonal’ or DOI), which are defined as prevalent postures in interpersonal behaviour. The DOI Kit has six first-level scales that collapse into two broad oblique dimensions: Prosocial versus Antisocial Behaviour, and Sociability versus Unsociability.
The aim of this article is to find out whether the first- and second-level structure of the Spanish DOI Kit can also be applied to data gathered in Chile and in Germany. A total of eight groups of data were studied. In order to find the best common structure for Spanish, Chilean, and German samples, Simultaneous Component Analysis (SCA) was applied. SCA shows an excellent replication of the original DOI Kit structure. This is also found when separate factor analyses (varimax and oblimin rotations) are performed.
The role of gender in juvenile deliquency: Personality and intelligence
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This study unvestigates personality dimensions in male and female deliquent and non-delinquent samples in the city of Valencia. The dependent variables were four scales from the Extraversion, Neuroticism and Rigidity Questionnaire (ENR); Criminal Propensity Scale from the EPQ-J, and Intelligence from Raven's Progressive Matrices. Results show significant differences in dogmatism, neuroticism, criminal propensity and intelligence, with higher scores for delinquents compared to non-delinquents, except for intelligence where the reverse was found. Neuroticism is found to be the best predictor for discriminating female delinquents from non-delinquents, while intelligence and criminal propensity are good predictors at discriminating both male and female delinquents from non-delinquents. The findings are discussed in the context of Eysenck's theory on crime and personality.
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An extensive review of the literature concerned with the empirical functioning of Eysenck's neuroticism scales confirms two general findings. High neuroticism scores are seen as both socially undesirable and socially unattractive. Females invariably score more highly on neuroticism than males. A set of new data analyses identifies two components within Eysenck's neuroticism scales, one of which is sex-related and the other sex-free. While women record higher scores on one of these scales, according to the other scale they record scores no higher than men. These two components, however, differ from each other in fundamental ways, in addition to their respective relationships with sex, and appear to measure different aspects of the overall construct of neuroticism. Further research is now needed to explicate more fully the empirical similarities and the empirical differences between these two faces of neuroticism. Such research should further clarify the extent to which the general finding that females score more highly than males on neuroticism represents a real phenomenon of sex differences and the extent to which this finding is an artifact of sex bias in the measuring instrument.

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Socialization and personality: Study through questionnaires in a preadult Spanish population

Abstract

Person. Individ. Diff.

Person. individ. Diff.

The classification of children's psychiatric symptoms: a factor analytic study

Psychol. Monogr.

The child behavior profile: I. Boys aged 6–11

J. consult. clin. Psychol.

The child behavior profile: II. Boys aged 12–16 and girls aged 6–11 and 12–16

J. consult. clin. Psychol.

Psychopathology of childhood

A. Rev. Psychol.

Extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism and antisocial behaviour in schoolgirls

Soc. Behav. Person.

Item analysis of questionnaire measures of personality and antisocial behaviour in schoolboys

Personality and antisocial behaviour in schoolboys: item analysis of questionnaire measures

Br. J. Crim.

Análisis factorial de los elementos del cuestionario S.I.V. de Leonard V. Gordon

Informes Psicol.

Eysenck's theory of criminality: a New Approach

Br. J. Crimin.

Reliability and validity: basic assumptions and experimental designs

Educ. psychol. Measur.

Empathy: a factor in antisocial behavior

J. abnorm. Child Psychol.

Factor analysis and construct validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory

J. Person. Assess.

Crime and Personality

Personality theory and the problem of criminality

Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

EPQ-J. Cuestionario de Personalidad

Impulsiveness and antisocial behaviour in children

Curr. psychol. Res.

The place of impulsiveness in a dimensional system of personality description

Br. J. soc. clin. Psychol.

Impulsiveness and Venturesomeness: their position in a dimensional system of personality description

Psychol. Rep.

Impulsiveness and venturesomeness in a detention center population

Psychol. Rep.

The relationship between sensation seeking and Eysenck's dimensions of personality

Br. J. Psychol.

Personality and delinquency in London and Montreal

Impulsive cognitive style and impulsive behavior in emotionally disturbed children

J. genet. Psychol.

On the relationship between extraversion and aggression

Psychol. Rep.

Self-reported delinquency among schoolboys, and their attitudes to the police

Br. J. soc. clin. Psychol.

The stability of child behavior disorders: a one year test-retest study of Adelaide versions of the Conners Teacher and Parent Rating Scales

J. abnorm. Child Psychol.