Parental bonding in bipolar affective disorder

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Abstract

When the Parental Bonding Instrument was administered to 58 bipolar affective disorder patients and 100 general practice patients no difference was found in reports of parental characteristics. Among the female patients there was an association between poor parental bonding and increased number of hospitalisations.

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    Gomes et al. (2015) found significantly lower maternal and paternal care ratings in participants with bipolar disorder than controls, as well as significantly higher maternal and paternal overprotection ratings. The remaining three studies observed no statistically significant difference between the bipolar disorder and control group participants for any of the PBI subscales (Joyce, 1984; Muralidharan et al., 2015; Parker, 1979a). Four studies assessed parental bonding in participants with a primary diagnosis of bipolar disorder (Gomes et al., 2015; Joyce, 1984; Muralidharan et al., 2015; Parker, 1979a) (Supplementary File 1: Table 2).

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    However, the lack of family environment difference in our study suggests that lower family cohesion may not be the norm for high-risk families, and that these families may be functioning as well as families where parents do not have psychiatric histories. This is consistent with early studies in parental bonding (Joyce, 1984; Parker, 1979) which argued that there is an absence of evidence supporting particular deviations in parenting in BD families. Beyond group comparisons, the present findings partially supported the third hypothesis, demonstrating that risk status and parental care (maternal and paternal) independently predicted offspring-reported internalizing problems, while only maternal care predicted offspring-reported externalizing problems.

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  • Affective temperament and attachment in adulthood in patients with Bipolar Disorder and Cyclothymia

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    In the control group, around half of the subjects displayed a secure type of attachment and only 2%–5% of the participants were determined to have fearful or preoccupied types (none among male controls); whereas, in mood disordered patients, only a small percentage revealed an attachment of the secure type and most of them have an insecure pattern, mainly of the fearful and preoccupied type. The way bipolar disorder patients relate to other people is important at many levels, including treatment adherence [12] and prevention of relapse [37,38]. According to Attili [39], preoccupied individuals display an emotional style based on strong anxiety and insecurity in relation to the course of their relationship.

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This work was supported financially by the International Year of Disabled Persons Telethon Trust.

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