Self-concept, motivation, and competence among preschoolers from maltreating and comparison families

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Abstract

Maltreated children are at risk for impaired cognitive and school functioning. In this study, the role that home environment, self-concept, and mastery motivation play in this relation was investigated. Thirty-six preschool children and their mothers, representing three family backgrounds (12 low-income maltreating, 12 low-income comparison, 12 middle-income comparison), were assessed in a preschool/home study. Children from maltreating families scored lower than their peers on several measures of cognitive and physical competence and on ratings of motivation. At the same time, these children significantly overrated their physical competence, and self-ratings of competence and acceptance tended to be higher (and less realistic) than those of their low-income peers. An overall difference in developmental quality of the home environment of maltreating families was largely accounted for by socioeconomic status (SES), but the tendency of these homes to be less clean and safe remained significant even after SES was controlled. Various aspects of the home environment were associated with superior task performance, but not with motivation or self-perceptions. Whereas the general home environment may affect competence, relationship factors implicated in maltreatment may be more important in shaping self-concept and motivation.

Résumé

Les enfants maltraités sont plus aptes á éprouver des difficultés cognitives et au niveau de leur fonctionnement scolaire. Cette étude explorait si le foyer, la perception de soi et la motivation á apprendre sont des facteurs qui, chez l'enfant d'âge pré-scolaire, donneront lieu á ce type de difficultés plus tard. Trente-six enfants et leur mére ont fait l'objet d'une étude qui les regroupait ainsi: ceux issus de foyers maltraitants, une groupe de comparaison composé de familles á revenu faible et un group de comparaison de familles á revenu moyen. Les enfants maltraités ont connu des résultats inférieurs dans les tests qui mesuraient leur motivation á apprendre et leurs compétences cognitives et concrétes, ils étaient portés á se surestimer par rapport á leurs compétences pratiques et á surestimer leur niveau d'acceptation dans leur milieu. Plus le statut socio-économique était élevé, plus aptes étaient les foyers maltraitants áêtre proplces au développement de l'enfant, toutefois, peu importe leur couche sociale, on remarqua que ces foyers se préoccupaient moins de propreté et de sécurité. On a pu établir que l'accomplissement supérieur de certaines táches se rattachait á des caractéristiques du foyer mais non á la perception de soi ni á la motivation. Alors que le foyer peut influer sur la compétence des enfants, ce serait plutôt la qualité des relations inter-personnelles dans les foyers maltraitant qui déterminerait la formation du concept du “moi” et la motivation á apprendre.

Resumen

Los niños maltratados sufren el riesgode impedimentos en su funcionamiento cognitivo y escolar. En esta investigación, se examinó el papel que tiene el ambiente familiar, el concepto de sí mismo, y la motivación de dominio (mastery motivation). Se evaluó a 36 niños pre-escolares, y a sus madres en una investigación pre-escolar/ hogar. Los niños provenían de tres tipos de familias (12 de bajos ingresos/maltratantes, 12 de bajos ingresos/comparación). Los niños de familias maltratantes obtuvieron resultados más bajos que los otros niños en varias medidas de competencia cognitiva y fisica y en estimados de motivación. Al mismo tiempo, estos niños sobreestimaron significativamente su competencia fisica, y sus autoevaluaciones de competencia y aceptación tendían a ser más altas (y menos realistas) que las de los niños de familias de bajos ingresos no maltratantes. Una diferencia global en la calidad del desarrollo del ambiente familiar de las familias maltratantes se debió en su mayor parte a su status socioeconómico, pero la tendencia de estos hogares a ser menos limpios y seguros continuó siendo significativa aun después de controlar su status socioeconómico. Varios aspectos del ambiente familiar estaban asociados con realizaciones superiores. pero no con la motivación y la percepción de si mismo. Aunque el ambiente familiar puede afectar la competencia. los factores de relación implicados en el maltrato pueden ser más importantes en la formación del concepto de sí mismo y la motivación.

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    Work on this paper and the research described herein were supported by grants from the Monroe County Department of Social Services, the Smith-Richardso

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