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2020, Vision ResearchCitation Excerpt :The direction and the magnitude of the tilt illusion depend on the relative angle (angular difference) between surrounding and test stimuli. For angular difference between 0 deg and 50 deg, the orientation of the central stimulus appears tilted away from the surrounding stimulus (e.g., Blakemore, Carpenter, & Georgeson, 1970; Westhehimer, 1990; repulsion or the direct effect). With larger angular differences, the central stimulus appears tilted towards the surrounding stimulus (e.g., Over, Broerse, & Crassini, 1972; Westhehimer, 1990; attraction or the indirect effect).
A unified account of tilt illusions, association fields, and contour detection based on elastica
2016, Vision ResearchCitation Excerpt :The two bar illusions in the model are in close accordance with known psychophysics. Westheimer (1990) reported repulsion from tilted flankers on the sides (Fig. 5B), or above and below (panel D). The orientation dependence of the repulsion from lateral flankers (panel B) closely matches (Kapadia et al., 2000) who also found repulsion maximal at around 30° (except for the small attractive effect they reported for larger flanker orientations), inset panel B. Kapadia et al. (2000) also placed flankers above and below the center, and tilted them (as in panel D).
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