Orofacial herpes simplex virus infections: Current concepts in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment, and disorders in which the virus may be implicated

doi:10.1016/0030-4220(89)90159-X

Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology

Volume 68, Issue 6, December 1989, Pages 701-710

Oral Surgery, Oral M...

https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(89)90159-X Get rights and content

Abstract

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the causal agent of herpetic stomatitis, recurrent herpes labialis, and the recurrent intraoral infections seen particularly in the immunocompromised patient. HSV has also been implicated in some erythema multiforme, cranial neuropathies, Behçet's syndrome, and oral squamous carcinoma. Recent advances in understanding of HSV, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment are reviewed because there have been numerous advances over the past 5 years.

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Cited by (50)

Diseases of the tongue
2016, Clinics in Dermatology
Citation Excerpt :
The clinical differential diagnosis includes LP; graft-versus-host disease; fissured tongue; recurrent aphthous stomatitis; hand, foot, and mouth disease; erythroplakia; and herpangina.60,61 Clinically, acute herpetic gingivostomatitis is characterized by fever, sore throat, malaise, and tender adenopathy.60 The lesions resemble aphthae with grouped, superficial vesicles that rupture and form shallow red ulcers61 (Figure 7, a).
The tongue is a complex organ involved in speech and expression as well as in gustation, mastication, and deglutition. The oral cavity, along with the tongue, are sites of neoplasms, reactive processes, and infections, and may be a harbinger of systemic diseases. This review includes both common and rare diseases that occur on the tongue, including: vascular and lymphatic lesions (infantile hemangiomas and oral varices), reactive and inflammatory processes (hairy tongue, pigmented fungiform papillae of the tongue, benign migratory glossitis, and fissured tongue), infections (oral hairy leukoplakia, herpes simplex and varicella-zoster virus infections, human papillomavirus, and candidiasis), premalignant lesions (leukoplakia and erythroplakia), malignant lesions (squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, and lymphoproliferative diseases), and signs of systemic disease (nutritional deficiency and systemic amyloidosis).
Characteristics of hospitalizations attributed to herpetic gingivostomatitis: Analysis of nationwide inpatient sample
2014, Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology
Herpetic gingivostomatitis (HGS) is a prevalent oral condition of viral origin. Some patients with HGS visit emergency departments for treatment. This study is aimed at determining the nationwide estimates of hospitalizations due to HGS in the United States.
The Nationwide Inpatient Sample of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality was used for the years 2004 to 2010. Hospital admissions with a primary diagnosis of HGS were identified using International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9-CM code 054.2.
During the study period, a total of 12 536 hospitalizations were attributed to HGS, and the number of hospitalizations per year (mean, 1791) remained fairly constant during the years examined. The median age was 3.2 years. The mean age (15.6 years for the overall period) ranged from a low of 15.2 in 2010 to a high of 16.8 in 2007. The total charges that resulted from these hospitalizations were $229.4 million.
This study further confirms that substantial resources are spent in treating oral conditions in hospital settings.
Hospital-based emergency department visits with herpetic gingivostomatitis in the United States
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The objectives of this study were to determine the number of hospital emergency department (ED) visits with a diagnosis of herpetic gingivostomatitis (HGS) for 2007 in the United States and to identify the possible comorbid conditions associated with HGS.
The Nationwide Emergency Department Sample for 2007 was used in this study. Patients who visited the ED with a diagnosis of HGS were selected. Estimates were projected to the national levels using the discharge weights. Presence of comorbid conditions in these patients was also analyzed.
A total of 23,124 patients had ED visits and received the diagnosis of HGS. Most of the patients were young females and those belonging to the lower socioeconomic strata. All patients with HGS also presented with comorbid conditions.
Physicians should be trained to diagnose, manage, and refer common dental emergencies. In the long term, improving access to dental care for these patients is crucial to managing this problem.
Antiviral effects of blackberry extract against herpes simplex virus type 1
2011, Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology
The aim of this study was to evaluate antiviral properties of blackberry extract against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in vitro.
HSV-infected oral epithelial (OKF6) cells and cell-free virus suspensions were treated with blackberry extract (2.24-1,400 μg/mL), and virus yield and infectivity were quantified by direct plaque assay.
Blackberry extract ≥56 μg/mL inhibited HSV-1 replication in oral epithelial cells by >99% (P < .005). Concentrations ≥280 μg/mL were antiviral when the extract was added after virus adsorption and entry. Exposure of cell-free virus to ≥280 μg/mL blackberry extract for 15 minutes at room temperature was virucidal (P = .0002). The virucidal effects were not due to pH changes at concentrations up to 1,500 μg/mL.
Blackberry extract inhibited the early stages of HSV-1 replication and had potent virucidal activity. These properties suggest that this natural fruit extract could provide advantage as a topical prophylactic/therapeutic agent for HSV infections.
A random PCR screening system for the identification of type 1 human herpes simplex virus
2009, Journal of Virological Methods
Several viral diseases exhibit measles-like symptoms. Differentiation of suspected cases of measles with molecular epidemiological techniques in the laboratory is useful for measles surveillance. In this study, a random PCR screening system was undertaken for the identification of isolates from patients with measles-like symptoms who exhibited cytopathic effects, but who had negative results for measles virus-specific reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence assays. Sequence analysis of random amplified PCR products showed that they were highly homologous to type 1 human herpes simplex virus (HSV-1). The results were further confirmed by an HSV-1-specific TaqMan real-time PCR assay. The random PCR screening system described in this study provides an efficient procedure for the identification of unknown viral pathogens. Measles-like symptoms can also be caused by HSV-1, suggesting the need to include HSV-1 in differential diagnoses of measles-like diseases.
The Impact of Dental Surgery on HSV-1 Reactivation in the Oral Mucosa of Seropositive Patients
2007, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a member of the human herpes virus family. Most of the population (90%) has antibodies to HSV-1, and as many as 40% of these individuals may develop secondary herpes. Shedding of HSV-1 in the oral mucosa can be induced by many factors, including stress, sunlight, menstruation, and physical trauma. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of dental surgical procedures on HSV-1 shedding in the oral mucosa.
The case group comprised 48 patients undergoing third molar extraction (case group) and 48 patients undergoing conventional restorative procedures (control group). All of the patients were IgG-positive for HSV-1. Oral swabs were performed before and 1 week after the procedures to investigate HSV-1 reactivation by nested polymerase chain reaction.
The frequency of positive oral swabs to HSV-1 in the group that underwent surgery (4.2%) was not statistically different from that in the control group (2.1%).
The results indicate that oral surgical trauma does not have a significant impact on HSV-1 shedding in the oral mucosa.

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Orofacial herpes simplex virus infections: Current concepts in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment, and disorders in which the virus may be implicated

Abstract

Am J Obstet Gynecol

J Am Dent Assoc

J Am Dent Assoc

Lancet

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol

Cancer

J Infect Dis

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol

Arch Oral Biol

Virology

Prog Med Virol

J Gen Virol

J Immunol

Br Med J

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol

Oral herpes simplex: pathogenesis, clinical and virologic course, approach to treatment

The organization of the herpes simplex virus genome

Annu Rev Genet

Herpes viruses: a background

Br Med Bull

The structure of herpes simplex virus DNA and its application to molecular epidemiology

Ann NY Acad Sci

Attachment of herpes simplex virus to neurons and glial cells

J Gen Virol

Regulation of herpesvirus macromolecular synthesis. 1. Cascade regulation of the synthesis of three groups of viral proteins

J Virol

Regulation of herpesvirus macromolecular synthesis: sequential transition of polypeptide synthesis requires functional viral polypeptides

Three transacting regulatory proteins of herpes simplex virus modulate immediate—early gene expression in a pathway involving positive and negative feedback regulation

J Virol

Association of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2

Herpetic angina following orogenital exposure

J Am Vener Dis Assoc

Acute pharyngotonsillitis caused by herpesvirus type 2

JAMA

Incidence and distribution of herpes simplex virus-1 and -2 from genital lesions in college women

J Med Virol

Risk of recurrence after first episodes of genital herpes: relation of HSV type and antibody response

N Engl J Med

Concurrent oral and genital infection with an identical strain of herpes simplex virus type 1

Sex Trans Dis

Primary and recurrent concomitant genital infection with herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2

J Infect Dis

Protective effect of an oral infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 against subsequent genital infection with herpes simplex virus type 2

Med Microbiol Immunol

Pathogenesis of herpes simplex labialis: excretion of virus in the oral cavity

J Clin Microbiol

Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus 1 and 3

Herpes virus in an obstetric hospital. II. Asymptomatic virus excretion in staff members

Med J Aust

Shedding and survival of herpes simplex virus from “fever blisters”

Pediatrics

Survival of herpes simplex virus in water specimens collected from hot tubs in spa facilities and on plastic surfaces

JAMA

An outbreak of herpes simplex virus 1 gingivostomatitis in a dental hygiene practice

JAMA

Acute respiratory disease of university students with special reference to the etiologic role of herpesvirus hominis

Am J Epidemiol

Genital herpes simplex virus infection: clinical manifestations, course, and complications

Ann Intern Med

Herpes simplex virus infection: biology, treatment, and prevention

Ann Intern Med

Infections with herpes simplex viruses

N Engl J Med

Infections with herpes simplex viruses

N Engl J Med

A retrospective study of recurrent herpes labialis in a professional population, 1958–1971

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol

Oral herpes simplex infections in patients with leukemia

J Am Dent Assoc

A long-term prospective clinical study of orofacial herpes simplex virus infections in acute leukemia

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol

RNA complementary to a herpesvirus gene mRNA is prominent in latently infected neurons

Science

Latent herpes simplex virus in human trigeminal ganglia: detection of an immediate early gene “anti-sense” transcript by in situ hybridization

N Engl J Med