The utility of the PND statistic: A reply to Allison and Gorman
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Cited by (46)
A peer-mediated approach to support emergent bilingual preschoolers
2022, Early Childhood Research QuarterlyCitation Excerpt :Further, this approach provides a more accurate measure of intervention effectiveness in comparison to other parametric measures (e.g., standardized mean difference) that may not adequately account for change when social behaviors are absent at baseline (Ledford, King, Harbin, & Zimmerman, 2018; Pustejovsky et al., 2018). Tau-U provides an extension to traditional approaches, such as percent of nonoverlapping data (PND; Scruggs & Mastropieri, 1994) and nonoverlapping of all pairs analysis (NAP; Parker & Vannest, 2008), as it estimates and corrects for undesirable baseline trends to calculate treatment effectiveness and statistical significance using the nonparametric S sampling distribution (see Parker, Vannest, Davis, & Sauber, 2011 for detailed calculation). As such, Tau-U can be appropriately applied to data that lacks a stable baseline pattern for populations who may be expected to exhibit variable performance (cf. Lee & Cherney, 2018), such as preschool-aged children examined in this study.
Meta-analysis of PECS with individuals with ASD: Investigation of targeted versus non-targeted outcomes, participant characteristics, and implementation phase
2012, Research in Developmental DisabilitiesCitation Excerpt :A recent review of meta-analytic procedures found that PND is by far the most widely used effect size in SCR (Maggin et al., 2011). PND is calculated as the percent of “intervention” phase data that exceed (in the intended direction) the single most extreme “baseline” phase data point (Scruggs & Mastropieri, 1994). This metric is similarly interpreted as the percent of intervention phase data that exceeded the single highest baseline or “A” phase data point.
Topoi and literary interpretation: The effects of a critical reading and writing intervention on high school students' analytic literary essays
2011, Contemporary Educational PsychologyCitation Excerpt :PND is not related to an accepted effect size, so it needs its own interpretive guidelines (Parker et al., 2007). Scruggs and Mastropieri (1994) suggest that interventions with a PND > 70 are effective, a PND between 50 and 70 are questionable, and a PND < 50 has no observed effect. The results are organized with respect to the above-mentioned predictions.
Combining Nonoverlap and Trend for Single-Case Research: Tau-U
2011, Behavior TherapyCitation Excerpt :Ordinary least squares regression analysis (OLS) with a long history of use in large N studies, has shown unequalled flexibility and power when applied to SCR data (Allison & Gorman, 1993; Busk & Serlin, 1992; Parker & Brossart, 2003). However, OLS has been criticized for failing to address the unique constraints of short time series data that are typical in SCR (Parsonson & Baer, 1992; Scruggs & Mastropieri, 1994). OLS is a parametric statistical test, and as such requires a normal score distribution, constant variance, and interval level measurement.
Behavior Therapy for Tics via Videoconference Delivery: An Initial Pilot Test in Children
2010, Cognitive and Behavioral Practice