Changes in human parotid salivary protein and sialic acid levels during pregnancy

doi:10.1016/0003-9969(89)90035-6

Archives of Oral Biology

Volume 34, Issue 10, 1989, Pages 829-831

https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9969(89)90035-6 Get rights and content

Abstract

Saliva was collected with a Carlson-Crittenden device, under citric acid stimulation, in 107 pregnant women, 9 puerperal and 7 non-pregnant controls. No significant changes were found in salivary flow rate, pH and amylase levels. The total protein levels were decreased during pregnancy and the puerperium. The sialic acid levels decreased gradually but markedly during pregnancy, returning to normal levels in the puerperium. These changes in parotid saliva may be related to the hormonal changes of pregnancy.

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Cited by (19)

Salivary factors related to caries in pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis
2020, Journal of the American Dental Association
Citation Excerpt :
We concluded that the stimulated saliva FR increased during the third trimester. This result is inconsistent with some previous studies.28,31,37,41 The differences in results can be explained by low sample sizes, parotid sampling, and normal intraindividual changes of saliva content.
The authors of this meta-analysis aimed to assess saliva-related caries risk factors, including calcium and phosphate, hydrogen ion concentration, buffer capacity, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus counts, flow rate, and decayed, missing and filled teeth index in each trimester during pregnancy.
The authors searched electronic databases up to July 1, 2019. Eligible observational studies were included. The authors assessed the quality of the included studies by using the Joanna Briggs Institute scale. To estimate the effects of pregnancy, standardized mean differences with 95% confidence intervals were pooled using the random-effects model. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were used to explore heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using Begg and Egger tests.
Twenty-nine studies were included in the meta-analysis, representing 1,230 pregnant women in the case groups and 715 in the control groups (nonpregnant women). The results showed that salivary calcium concentration decreased in the third trimester, salivary phosphate decreased in the second and third trimesters, saliva hydrogen ion concentration decreased in the first and third trimesters, stimulated saliva flow rate increased in the third trimester, and salivary S mutans count increased in the second and third trimesters. In addition, the results showed that saliva calcium, phosphate, S mutans, and buffer capacity amounts had changed from the first trimester to the third.
In the third trimester, most salivary factors related to caries change and can increase the risk of developing caries in the future. Interventions and screening for caries prevention in pregnancy should start in the first or second trimesters.
Simultaneous measurement of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase: Application and recommendations
2017, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
Citation Excerpt :
Interestingly, women carrying female fetuses showed flatter daily curves compared to those carrying male fetuses (Giesbrecht et al., 2015). Knowledge on basal alterations in sAA activity in pregnancy primarily stems from single measurement studies, which showed either non-significant decreasing values during pregnancy (D'Alessandro et al., 1989; Salvolini et al., 1998), highest values in the second trimester (pregnant women always display higher values than free-cycling controls (Abrao et al., 2014) or no effect (Laine et al., 1988)). There is one study investigating women in early and late pregnancy, which showed no difference between these periods in daily sAA profiles.
Salivary cortisol (sCort) and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) constitute proxy measures of the two major stress response systems, i.e. the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the autonomic nervous system, respectively. Potentially confounding determinants of sCort and sAA may limit a reliable concurrent measurement of both biomarkers, if not adequately considered. We reviewed the most important determinants of sCort and sAA and provide recommendations for handling these potential confounders. We focused on a selection of confounders, resulting in an in-depth consideration of age, sex steroid-related factors, somatic health, acute medication, smoking, consumption of food and drinks, alcohol consumption, physical activity/fitness, and sleep. Our review further highlights the importance of the consideration of potential confounders for a reliable and valid simultaneous measurement of sCort and sAA. We further provide recommendations about which and how to handle relevant confounders in the study design or data analysis.
Ultrasound-assisted hydrolysis and chemical derivatization combined to lab-on-valve solid-phase extraction for the determination of sialic acids in human biofluids by μ-liquid chromatography-laser induced fluorescence
2013, Analytica Chimica Acta
Citation Excerpt :
On the other hand, our results were also consistent with the concentrations of Neu5Ac metabolites reported in the literature for serum and breast milk. Table 4 also includes the concentration ranges found in the literature [20,27,33–35]. The proposed method is a competitive approach for analysis of SIAs in biological fluids by comparison to other methods reported in the literature.
The determination of sialic acids (SIAs) has recently gained interest because of their potential role as markers of inflammatory disorders or chronic diseases. Hydrolysis of conjugated derivatives, solid-phase extraction (SPE) and derivatization steps constitute sample preparation prior to insertion of the analytical sample into a μ-liquid chromatograph-laser induced fluorescence (μ-LC-LIF) detector in the present method for the determination of two representative SIAs of human metabolism. Ultrasound-accelerated hydrolysis released free SIAs, which were efficiently concentrated in a dynamic manner using a lab-on-valve (LOV) module that allows automation of SPE for preconcentration and cleanup. This step was on-line connected with DMB-labeling of SIAs (derivatization), which was shortened from 180 min required with the conventional heating method to 20 min with ultrasound assistance. Individual separation of the target analytes was achieved within 20 min by μ-LC, while LIF detection endowed the overall method with high sensitivity. The LODs and LOQs provided by the method ranged 0.1–0.8 ng mL⁻¹ and 0.4–1.0 ng mL⁻¹ (between 0.1–0.8 pg and 0.4–1.0 pg expressed as on-column amount), respectively. High efficiency for interferents removal by SPE enabled the application of the method to four different biofluids—serum, urine, saliva and breast milk—for the determination of the target metabolites.
Salivary lipid peroxidation and total sialic acid levels during healthy gestation and postpartum: A longitudinal study
2010, Clinical Biochemistry
This study investigated salivary lipid peroxidation (LPO) as an oxidative stress marker and salivary total sialic acid (TSA) as an inflammatory response during gestation and postpartum.
Salivary LPO and TSA levels, using the Ledwozyw and Warren methods respectively, were obtained in healthy pregnant women followed up during gestation and 6 – 8 weeks postpartum, and in healthy non-pregnant controls. All were with good oral health.
LPO was significantly higher than controls during all trimesters and postpartum and in the second trimester than in the third trimester and postpartum. TSA in the second trimester was significantly higher than in any other group. First trimester levels were significantly higher than postpartum . Oral health indices remained within normal levels for the duration.
The salivary LPO profile followed plasma gestation and postpartum profiles in the literature but the salivary TSA differed in that after the 2nd trimester, rather than persisting, it decreased.
Determinants of salivary α-amylase in humans and methodological considerations
2009, Psychoneuroendocrinology
Citation Excerpt :
Laine et al. (1988) measured amylase and other salivary parameters in 16 women throughout pregnancy and lactation in paraffin-stimulated saliva and did not detect any significant changes (Laine et al., 1988). No significant differences in amylase were also measured in parotid saliva of 107 pregnant women of all trimesters and seven controls (D’Alessandro et al., 1989). In contrast, Salvolini et al. found some variation of amylase measured in unstimulated whole saliva of n = 45 pregnant women.
Salivary α-amylase (sAA) has been proposed as a marker for activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Recent studies in support of this hypothesis have led to an increased number of researchers integrating amylase measurements into their study designs. Salivary α-amylase is produced locally in the salivary glands, controlled by the autonomic nervous system. This entails some methodological consequences and potential pitfalls that might lead to increased error variance and thus prevent successful testing of hypotheses. The goal of this review is to summarize basic and recent findings on methodological issues and potential factors influencing sAA measurement, and to derive a set of recommendations enabling researchers to successfully using sAA in psychoneuroendocrinological experiments.
Minor gland and whole saliva in postmenopausal women using a low potency oestrogen (oestriol)
2003, Archives of Oral Biology
Citation Excerpt :
Hormonal changes may also affect the composition of saliva.14–19 During pregnancy, when the serum concentration of oestrogens is elevated, IgA increases,15 whereas sialic acid18 and the pH and buffer capacity decrease in saliva.17 However, no significant changes seem to occur in salivary flow rate.17
Many women undergo hormone replacement therapy in order to relieve menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms. Oral discomfort is common among these symptoms and studies have shown that the stimulated whole saliva flow rate is increased after combined oestradiol and progesterone replacement therapy. There is, however, no data regarding the effect of other oestrogens or of oestrogen alone on whole and minor gland saliva. In the present study, the flow rate from minor salivary glands (buccal, labial and palatal) and the secretion rate and buffer capacity of whole saliva was examined in 18 postmenopausal women (61–76 years) prior to, and during 1 year of a low potency oestrogen (oestriol) use. The ability of whole saliva to aggregate and mediate bacterial adherence as well as subjective feelings of dry mouth was also examined. For comparison, the same variables were examined in nine peri- and postmenopausal, non-medicated women (reference group, 53–61 years). During hormone treatment, the labial saliva flow was significantly increased and the complaints of dry mouth reduced. Increased stimulated whole saliva flow was seen in both the hormone and reference groups. This was also true for the stimulated whole saliva buffer capacity, which was increased parallel to the flow rate. The secretion rates were generally lower in the hormone group compared to the reference group throughout the study period. Except for stimulated whole saliva, statistical analysis at baseline revealed no age-related reduction of the saliva flow rates. The ability of whole saliva to mediate aggregation of Actinomyces næslundii was significantly decreased after hormone treatment. Thus, the present findings indicate that a low dose oestrogen (oestriol) may affect the flow rate of labial salivary glands and the bacterial aggregation activity of whole saliva.

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Short communicationChanges in human parotid salivary protein and sialic acid levels during pregnancy

Abstract

Archs oral Biol.

J. biol. Chem.

Am. J. Obstet. Gynec.

J. biol. Chem.

Serum fractionation in normal pregnancy

Am. J. Obstet. Gynec.

Changes in glycoproteins in serum, urine and aqueous humor after gonadectomy or sex hormone injections in rats

Endocrinology

Short communication
Changes in human parotid salivary protein and sialic acid levels during pregnancy