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Traditional and Cyber Bullying/Victimization Among Adolescents: Examining Their Psychosocial Profile Through Latent Profile Analysis

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Abstract

Although increasingly more studies investigate the relationship of cyber and traditional bullying/victimization, it is unclear whether the phenomena are distinct. The purpose of this study was to investigate the roles that Greek Junior High school students engage in cyber and traditional bullying/victimization incidents, as well as the psychosocial and emotional profiles of the students that are classified into each participant role. Overall, 1097 Greek Junior High school students (mean age = 13.95, 51% girls) completed a self-report questionnaire about cyber and traditional bullying/victimization, empathy, psychopathic traits, online disinhibition, social skills, social anxiety, and peer relations. Latent profile analysis indicated four distinct groups of participants (“uninvolved,” “bullies,” “victims,” “bully/victims”). ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis analyses showed that “uninvolved” students had the most adaptive profile (low scores in psychopathic traits and online disinhibition and high in social skills), while students who frequently bullied both online and offline (“bullies”) were the least functional of the sample (e.g., high scores in psychopathic traits and low in empathy and social skills) and differed on several characteristics from those classified as “bully/victims.” Finally, victims had a poor psychosocial profile (e.g., high social anxiety and poor social relations). These findings confirm that cyber aggression is part of a general bullying/victimization pattern and that students are most effectively classified based on their behavior and not the context of manifestation. Findings can contribute to the ongoing debate on the similarities/differences of cyber and traditional bullying/victimization, as well as their simultaneous occurrence.

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Notes

  1. They refer to a wide range of normal behaviors and not extreme and dysfunctional ones (Tacket and Mackrell 2011). Psychopathic personality is a multifaced concept which is characterized by manipulation tendencies, egocentricity, superficial charm, lack of empathy and remorse, and impulsiveness (Hare 2003).

Abbreviations

CB:

Cyber bullying

CV:

Cyber victimization

TB:

Traditional bullying

TV:

Traditional victimization

ICT:

Information and Communication Technologies

LPA:

Latent profile analysis

CBVEQ:

Cyber-Bullying and Victimization Experiences Questionnaire

SSBB-R2:

Student Survey of Bullying Behavior-Revised 2

BES:

Basic Empathy Scale

YPI-short:

Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory-Short Version

SSRS:

Social Skills Rating System

SCS:

Self-Consciousness Scales

SPPC:

Self-Perception Profile for Children

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

CE:

Cognitive empathy

AE:

Affective empathy

GM:

Grandiose-manipulative

CU:

Callous-unemotional

II:

Impulsive-irresponsible

SCSLS:

Social Confidence and Socially Liberating subscales

OD:

Online disinhibition

CO:

Cooperation

AS:

Assertion

SC:

Self-control

SA:

Social anxiety

SR:

Social relations

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Correspondence to Constantinos M. Kokkinos.

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Antoniadou, N., Kokkinos, C.M. & Fanti, K.A. Traditional and Cyber Bullying/Victimization Among Adolescents: Examining Their Psychosocial Profile Through Latent Profile Analysis. Int Journal of Bullying Prevention 1, 85–98 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-019-00010-0

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