Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Development of the Functional Analytic Psychotherapy Intimacy Scale

  • Original Article
  • Published:
The Psychological Record Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP) is a contextual behavior therapy that targets idiographic behaviors relevant to interpersonal functioning. FAP often targets issues with intimacy, defined as behavior exchanges that are vulnerable to interpersonal punishment. While existing measures examine similar constructs to FAP’s conceptualization of intimacy, the literature lacks a FAP-consistent self-report measure that adequately captures intimacy-related behavior with the capacity to assess behavior change and aid in clinical outcome research.

Method

The Functional Analytic Psychotherapy Intimacy Scale (FAPIS) is a 14-item measure developed for both clinicians and researchers to assess intimacy-related behavior. Utilizing two samples of undergraduate students, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted, supporting factorial validity of the FAPIS.

Results

Reliability tests, including internal consistency and test–retest reliability and construct validity were assessed, providing further support for the psychometric properties of the FAPIS.

Conclusions

The FAPIS appears to be a psychometrically sound measure of intimacy that could assist in future FAP-related research. Further research should also assess the FAPIS for clinical utility.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbey, R. D., Clopton, J. R., & Humphreys, J. D. (2007). Obsessive-compulsive disorder and romantic functioning. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(12), 1181–1192.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bentler, P. M., & Bonnet, D. C. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. C., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., . . . Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II: A revised measure of psychological flexibility and acceptance. Behavior Therapy, 42, 676–688.

  • Bonow, J. T., & Follette, W. C. (2009). Beyond values clarification: addressing client values in clinical behavior analysis. Behavior Analyst, 32, 69–84.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bottonari, K. A., Roberts, J. E., Kelly, M. A. R., Kashdan, T. B., & Ciesla, J. A. (2007). A prospective investigation of the impact of attachment style on stress generation among clinically depressed individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 179–188.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buhrmester, D., Furman, W., Wittenberg, M. T., & Reis, H. T. (1988). Five domains of interpersonal competence in peer relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(6), 991–1008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Callaghan, G. M. (2006). The Functional Idiographic Assessment Template (FIAT) system: for use with interpersonally-based interventions including Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP) and FAP-enhanced treatments. The Behavior Analyst Today, 7, 357–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Callaghan, G. M., Summers, C. J., & Weidman, M. (2003). The treatment of histrionic and narcissistic personality disorder behaviors: a single-subject demonstration of clinical effectiveness using functional analytic psychotherapy. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 33, 321–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, M. P., Spector, I. P., Lantinga, L. J., & Krauss, D. J. (1993). Reliability of the dyadic adjustment scale. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 238–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, K. A., Westra, H. A., Dozois, D. J., & Stewart, S. H. (2004). The validity of the brief version of the fear of negative evaluation scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 345–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cordova, J. V., & Scott, R. I. (2001). Intimacy: a behavioral interpretation. Behavior Analyst, 24, 74–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan, P. W. (2001). Getting ahead of the data: a threat to some behavior therapies. The Behavior Therapist, 24(9), 189–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutrona, C., & Russell, D. (1987). The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress. Advances in Personal Relationships, 1, 37–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darrow, S. M., Dalto, G., & Follette, W. C. (2012). Equifinality in functional analytic psychotherapy: different strokes for different folks. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 7, 38–44.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darrow, S. M., Callaghan, G. M., Bonow, J. T., Follette, W. C. (2014). The Functional Idiographic Assessment Template–Questionnaire (FIAT-Q): initial psychometric properties. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 3(2), 124–134.

  • Descutner, C. J., & Thelen, M. H. (1991). Development and validation of a fear-of-intimacy scale. Psychological Assessment, 3, 218–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Digman, J. M. (1997). Higher-order factors of the big five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(6), 1246–1256.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4, 272–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferro-García, R., Valero-Aguayo, L., & Vives-Montero, M. C. (2006). Application of functional analytic psychotherapy: clinical analysis of a patient with depressive disorder. The Behavior Analyst Today, 7(1), 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, S. M., Huang, J. Y., Clark, M. S., & Helgeson, V. S. (2008). The positives of negative emotions: willingness to express negative emotions promotes relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 394–406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, L. R. (1992). The devleopment of markers for the big five structure. Psychological Assessment, 4, 26–42.

  • Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. W., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: a functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1152–1168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D., . . . McCurry, S. M. (2004). Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model. The Psychological Record, 54, 553–578.

  • Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Wilson, K. G. (2012). Contextual behavioral science: creating a science more adequate to the challenge of the human condition. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 1, 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, L. M. (1979). On the cognitive structure of interpersonal problems treated in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 5–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanter, J. W., Landes, S. J., Busch, A. M., Rusch, L. C., Brown, K. R., Barunch, D. E., & Holman, G. I. (2006). The effect of contingent reinforcement on target variables in outpatient psychotherapy for depression: an investigation of functional analytic psychotherapy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 29, 463–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanter, J. W., Tsai, M., Holman, G., & Koerner, K. (2012). Preliminary data from a randomized pilot study of web-based functional analytic psychotherapy therapist training. Psychotherapy, 50(2), 248–255. doi:10.1037/a0029814.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kohlenberg, R. J., & Tsai, M. (1991). Functional analytic psychotherapy: A guide for creating intense and curative therapeutic relationships. New York: Plenum Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kohlenberg, R. J., & Tsai, M. (1994). Functional analytic psychotherapy: a radical behavioral approach to treatment and integration. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 4, 174–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohlenberg, R. J., Kanter, J. W., Bolling, M. Y., Parker, C. R., & Tsai, M. (2002). Enhancing cognitive therapy for depression with functional analytic psychotherapy: treatment guidelines and empirical findings. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 9(3), 213–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolden, G. G., Klein, M. H., Wang, C., & Austin, S. B. (2011). Congruence/genuineness. Psychotherapy, 48, 65–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landes, S. J., Kanter, J. W., Weeks, C. E., & Busch, A. M. (2013). The impact of the active components of functional analytic psychotherapy on idiographic target behaviors. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 2, 49–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leary, M. R. (1983). A brief version of the fear of negative evaluation scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 371–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, F. G., & Rice, K. G. (2006). Preliminary development and validation of a measure of relationship authenticity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 362–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maitland, D. W. M., & Gaynor, S. T. (2012). Promoting efficacy research on functional analytic psychotherapy. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 7, 63–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mangabeira, V., Kanter, J. W., & Del Prette, G. (2012). Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP): a review of publications from 1990 to 2010. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 7, 78–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, G. M. (1985). Behaviour of lovers: measuring the closeness of relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2, 215–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClafferty, C. (2012). Expanding the cognitive behavioural therapy traditions: an application of functional analytic psychotherapy treatment in a case study of depression. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 7(2/3), 90–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendlowicz, M. V., & Stein, M. B. (2000). Quality of life in individuals with anxiety disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(5), 669–682.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R. S., & Lefcourt, H. M. (1982). The assessment of intimacy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46, 514–518.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oshiro, C. K. B., Kanter, J., & Meyer, S. B. (2012). A single-case experimental demonstration of functional analytic psychotherapy with two clients with severe interpersonal problems. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 7(2/3), 111–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettit, J. W., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2006). Chronic depression: Interpersonal sources, therapeutic solutions. Washington: American Psychological Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Przeworski, A., Newman, M. G., Pincus, A. L., Kasoff, M. B., Yamasaki, A. S., Castonguay, L. G., & Berlin, K. S. (2011). Interpersonal pathoplasticity in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(2), 286–298.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, D. W. (2002). In search of underlying dimensions: the use (and abuse) of factor analysis in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1629–1646.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, D. W., & Cutrona, C. E. (1991). Social support, stress, and depressive symptoms among the elderly: test of a process model. Psychology and Aging, 6(2), 190–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scandell, D. J. (2000). Development and initial validation of validity scales for the NEO-Five Factor Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 1153–1162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segal, D. L., Coolidge, F. L., Cahill, B. S., & O’Riley, A. A. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) among community-dwelling older adults. Behavior Modification, 32, 3–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: new scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 15–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sprecher, S., & Hendrick, S. S. (2004). Self-disclosure in intimate relationships: associations with individual and relationship characteristics over time. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 857–877.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, M., Kohlenberg, R. J., Kanter, J. W., Kohlenberg, B., Follette, W. C., & Callaghan, G. M. (2009). A guide to functional analytic psychotherapy: Awareness, courage, love, and behaviorism. New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Broucke, S., Vertommen, H., & Vandereycken, W. (1995). Construction and validation of a marital intimacy questionnaire. Family Relations, 44, 285–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vilardaga, R., Hayes, S. C., Levin, M. E., & Muto, T. (2009). Creating a strategy for progress: a contextual behavioral science approach. Behavior Analyst, 32(1), 105–133.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vittengl, J. R., Clark, L. A., & Jarrett, R. B. (2004). Improvement in social-interpersonal functioning after cognitive therapy for recurrent depression. Psychological Medicine, 34, 643–658.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weeks, C. E., Kanter, J. W., Bonow, J. T., Landes, S. J., & Busch, A. M. (2012). Translating the theoretical into practical a logical framework of functional analytic psychotherapy interactions for research, training, and clinical purposes. Behavior Modification, 36(1), 87–119.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, M., Russell, D. W., Mallinckrodt, B., & Vogel, D. L. (2007). The Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (ECR)–short form: reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88(2), 187–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wetterneck, C. T., & Hart, J. M. (2012). Intimacy is a transdiagnostic problem for cognitive behavior therapy: functional analytical psychotherapy is a solution. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 7(2/3), 167–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wetterneck, C. T., Woods, D. W., Norberg, M. M., & Begotka, A. M. (2006). The social and economic impact of trichotillomania: results from two nonreferred samples. Behavioral Interventions, 21, 97–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheaton, B., Muthen, B., Alwin, D. F., & Summers, G. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociological Methodology, 8(1), 84–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Rogers Memorial Hospital, 34700 Valley Road, Oconomowoc, WI, 53066, USA

    Rachel C. Leonard & Chad T. Wetterneck

  2. Houston OCD Program, 1401 Castle Court, Houston, TX, 77006, USA

    Lindsey E. Knott, Eric B. Lee & Sonia Singh

  3. Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX, 77204-5522, USA

    Angela H. Smith & Peter J. Norton

  4. Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Box 351525, Seattle, WA, 98195-1525, USA

    Jonathan Kanter

Authors
  1. Rachel C. Leonard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lindsey E. Knott
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Eric B. Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sonia Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Angela H. Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jonathan Kanter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Peter J. Norton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Chad T. Wetterneck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chad T. Wetterneck.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Leonard, R.C., Knott, L.E., Lee, E.B. et al. The Development of the Functional Analytic Psychotherapy Intimacy Scale. Psychol Rec 64, 647–657 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-014-0089-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-014-0089-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation