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Mindfulness Measures for Children and Adolescents: a Systematic Review

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Abstract

Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are increasingly being implemented in school settings for children and adolescents. Although positive outcomes have been documented for youth, less is known about the constructs of mindfulness (e.g., intention, attention, awareness, nonjudgement) that contribute to positive outcomes or how they are measured. Systematically identifying measures will facilitate improved understanding of what constructs of mindfulness are captured. The current study systematically reviewed literature to identify child and adolescent mindfulness measures from 2000 to 2021. Multiple search engines including PsycTest, PsycInfo, Psycarticles, NCBI, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, APA PsychTest, and Google Scholar were used. Results of the current study describe a variety of measures to capture mindfulness and may be useful for researchers and practitioners implementing and/or evaluating mindfulness practices in schools. Eleven youth self-report measures designed for youth 5 to 18 years old were identified. A little more than half measured mindfulness multidimensionally (multiple constructs of mindfulness). Constructs commonly included on measures were attention, awareness, and assessment of one’s own internal and external experiences. Descriptive information (e.g., target age range, description of mindfulness constructs) is provided for each measure. Future directions include continued investigation of validity, particularly content validity for youth mindfulness measures, and examining how the use of multiple methods and/or raters could contribute to an understanding of youth’s mindfulness experience. Additional implications for the field of school psychology and limitations of the study are discussed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125, USA

    Stacy L. Bender & Andrea Molina Palacios

  2. University of Arizona, Tucson, USA

    Tamara Lawson

Authors
  1. Stacy L. Bender
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  2. Tamara Lawson
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  3. Andrea Molina Palacios
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Contributions

Stacy L. Bender contributed to the conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Stacy L. Bender, Tamara Lawson, and Andrea Molina Palacios. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Stacy L. Bender and Tamara Lawson, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Stacy L. Bender.

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This study was a systematic review of measures assessing mindfulness and therefore was exempt from IRB approval.

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This study was a systematic review of measures assessing mindfulness therefore no participants or consent to participate was sought.

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This study was a systematic review of measures assessing mindfulness therefore no participants or consent to publish was sought.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Bender, S.L., Lawson, T. & Palacios, A.M. Mindfulness Measures for Children and Adolescents: a Systematic Review. Contemp School Psychol 27, 104–117 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40688-022-00433-5

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