Skip to main content
Log in

Application of the ARC Model with Adopted Children: Supporting Resiliency and Family Well Being

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This project describes application of an evidenced-based, trauma-informed treatment framework, Attachment, Regulation and Competency (ARC), with adopted children impacted by complex trauma and their caregivers. Results demonstrate that ARC treatment was associated with significant decreases in child symptoms and caregiver stress from pre- to post-treatment, which were maintained over a 12-month follow up period. Preliminary findings contribute to an emerging empirical basis for the ARC model and are supportive of its clinical utility as a practice with adopted children. Next steps include; a) expanding study findings by conducting controlled efficacy research, b) examining the transaction between child and caregiver factors as agents of change, and c) conducting longitudinal research of children and families receiving ARC to more deeply examine impact on resiliency.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abidin, R. R. (1995). Parenting Stress Index (PSI) manual (3rd ed.). Charlosttesville: Pediatric Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ackerman, P. T., Newton, J. E. O., McPherson, W. B., Jones, J. G., & Dykman, R. A. (1998). Prevalence of post traumatic stress disorder and other psychiatric diagnoses in three groups of abused children (sexual, physical, and both). Child Abuse and Neglect, 22(8), 759–774.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armsden, G. C., Pecora, P. J., Payne, V. H., & Szatkiewicz, J. P. (2000). Children placed in long-term foster care: an intake profile using the child behavior checklist / 4-18. Journal fo Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 8, 49–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arvidson, J., Kinniburgh, K., Howard, K. I., Spinazzola, J., Strothers, H., Evans, M., et al. (2011). Treatment of complex trauma in young children: developmental and cultural considerations in applications of the ARC intervention model. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 4, 34–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., et al. (1995). The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(1), 75–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blaustein, M., & Kinniburgh, K. (2010). Treating traumatic stress in children and adolescents: How to foster resilience through attachment, self-regulation, and competency. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briere, J. (1989). Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSC-C).

  • Briggs, E. C., Fairbank, J. A., Greeson, J. K. P., Layne, C. M., Steinberg, A. M., Amaya-Jackson, L. M., et al. (2012). Links between child and adolescent trauma exposure and service use histories in a national clinic-referred sample. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.

  • Briggs, E. C., Greeson, J. K. P., Layne, C. M., Fairbank, J. A., Knoverek, A. M., & Pynoos, R. S. (2012b). Treatment needs and approaches for perpetrators and victims of trauma. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 5, 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D., & Valentino, K. (2006). An ecological-transactional perspective on child maltreatment: Failure of the average expectable environment and its influence on child development. In D. J. Cohen (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology, vol 3: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (2nd ed., pp. 129–201). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cloitre, M., Stolbach, B. C., Herman, J., Van der Kolk, B., Pynoos, R., Wang, J., et al. (2009). A developmental approach to complex PTSD: childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of system complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(5), 399–408.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression / correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J., Mannarino, A., & Deblinger, E. (2006). Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, A., Spinazzola, J., Ford, J., Lanktree, C., Blaustein, M., Cloitre, M., et al. (2005). Complex trauma in children and adolescents. Psychiatric Annals, 35(5), 390–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Andrea, W., Ford, J., Stolbach, B., Spinazzola, J., & Van der Kolk, B. (2012). Understanding interpersonal trauma in children: why we need a developmentally appropriate trauma diagnosis. American Journal of Orthopsychaitry, 82(2), 187–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeRosa, R., & Pelcovitz, D. (Eds.). (2008). Igniting SPARCS of change: Structured psychotherapy for adolescents responding to chronic stress. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, J. J., Briere, J., Boggiano, A. K., & Barrett, M. (1994). Reliability and validity of the trauma symptom check list for children in a normal sample.Unpublished manuscript.

  • Ford, J. D. (2005). Treatment implications of altered affect regulation and information processing following child maltreatment. Psychiatric Annals, 35(5), 410–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, J. D., & Cloitre, M. (2009). Best practices in psychotherapy for children and adolescents. In C. Courtois & J. D. Ford (Eds.), Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: An evidence-based guide (pp. 59–81). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garland, A. F., Hough, R. L., McCabe, K. M., Yeh, M., Wood, P. A., & Aarons, G. A. (2001). Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in youths across five sectors of care. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(4), 409–418.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgdon, H. B., Kinniburgh, K., Gabowitz, D., Blaustein, M., & Spinazzola, J. (2012). Development and implementation of trauma-informed programming in residential schools using the ARC framework. Journal of Family Violence.

  • IFCMARCO (2010). Evaluation of the National Child Traumatic Stress Initiative: FY 2010 Annual Progress Report, Executive Summary.

  • James, S. (2004). Why do foster care placements disrupt? An investigation of reasons for placement change in foster care. Social Service Review, 78(4), 601–627.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, T. K., Holt, T., Ormhaug, S. M., Egeland, K., Granly, L., Hoaas, L. C., et al. (2014). A radonmized effectiveness study comparing trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy with therapy as usual for youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 43, 356–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinniburgh, K., & Blaustein, M. (2005). Attachment, Self-Regulation, and Competency: A comprehensive framework for intervention with complexly traumatized youth. A Treatment Manual. Boston: Author.

  • Lanktree, C. B., Gilbert, A. M., Briere, J., Taylor, N., Chen, K., Maida, C. A., et al. (2008). Multi-informant assessment of maltreated children: convergent and discriminant validity of the TSCC and TSCYC. Child Abuse and Neglect, 32(6), 621–625.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, A. F., & Van Horn, P. (2008). Psychotherapy with infants and young children: Repairing the effects of stress and trauma on early attachment. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loyd, B. H., & Abidin, R. R. (1985). Revision of the parenting stress index. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 10(2), 169–177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manly, J., Kim, J., Rogosh, F., & Cicchetti, D. (2001). Dimensions of child maltreatment and children’s adjustment: contributions of developmental timing and subtype. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 759–782.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S., Hubbard, J. J., Gest, S. D., Tellegen, A., Garmezy, N., & Ramirez, M. (1999). Competence in the context of adversity: pathways to resilience and maladaptation from childhood to later adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 143–169.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, J., Robinson, D., & Aldridge, J. (2002). Parenting stress and externalizing child behavior. Child Family Social Work, 7, 219–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muller, R. T., Vascotto, N. A., & Konanur, S. (2013). Caregiver perceptions and expectations and child emotion regulation: a test of two mediation models predicting child psychopathology among trauma-exposed children. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 6(2), 126–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pond, A., & Spinazzola, J. (2013). Residential services for children and adolescents impacted by family violence and trauma. Journal of Family Violence, 28(7), 635–638.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Proctor, L. J., Van Dusen Randazzo, K., Litrownik, A., Newton, R. R., Davis, I. P., & Villodas, M. (2011). Factors associated with caregiver stability in permanent placements: a classification tree approach. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35, 425–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pynoos. (1993). Traumatic stress and developmental psychopathology in children and adolescents. In R. Pynoos (Ed.), Posttraumatic stress disorders: A clinical review (pp. 65–98). Lutherville: The Sidrun Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A., Layne, C., Briggs-King, E., Orstrowki, S., & Fairbank, J. (2009). DSM-V PTSD Diagnostic criteria for children and adolescents: A developmentla perspective and recommendations. Jounral of Traumatic Stress, 22(391–398).

  • Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryant, R. A. (2002). Heirarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raudenbush, S. W., Bryk, A., & Congdon, R. (2005). HLM 6: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling [computer software and manual]. Lincolnwood: Scientific Software International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (1992). BASC parent rating scales PRS-C (Ages 6-11).

  • Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2004). BASC-2: Behavior assessment system for children, Second Edition Manual. Circle Pines: American Guidance Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, C. M., & Green, A. (1997). Parenting stress and anger expression as predictors of child abuse potential. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21, 367–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schore, A. N. (2001). The effects of early relational trauma on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22(1), 201–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurence. New York: NY: Oxford University.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Spinazzola, J., Ford, J. D., Zucker, M., van, d. K., Silva, S., Smith, S. F., et al. (2005). Survey Evaluates Complex Trauma Exposure, Outcome, and Intervention Among Children and Adolescents. Psychiatric Annals, 35(5), 433–439.

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, A. o. C., Youth and Families, (2015). Child Maltreatment 2013. from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/research-data-technology/statistics-research/child-maltreatment.

  • van der Kolk, B. A. (2005). Developmental trauma disorder: toward a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories. Psychiatric Annals, 35(5), 401–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanderfaeillie, J., Van Holen, F., Vanschoonlandt, F., Robberechts, M., & Stoobants, T. (2013). Child placed in long-term family foster care: a longitudinal study into the development of problem behavior and associated factors. Children and Youth Services Review, 35, 587–593.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weathers, F. W., Keane, T. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2001). Clinician-administered PTSD Scale: a review of the first ten years of research. Depression and Anxiety, 13, 132–156.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hilary B. Hodgdon.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hodgdon, H.B., Blaustein, M., Kinniburgh, K. et al. Application of the ARC Model with Adopted Children: Supporting Resiliency and Family Well Being. Journ Child Adol Trauma 9, 43–53 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-015-0050-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-015-0050-3

Keywords

Navigation