Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Drug-induced obesity and its metabolic consequences: a review with a focus on mechanisms and possible therapeutic options

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Weight gain is a common side effect of many widely used drugs. Weight gain of a few kilograms to an increase of 10% or more of initial body weight has been described. Not only the weight gain as such puts a burden on the health risks of the involved patients, the accompanying increase in the incidence of the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular risk factors urges the caregiver to identify and to closely monitor the patients at risk. In this review, the different classes of drugs with significant weight gaining properties and the metabolic consequences are described. Specific attention is given to pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the metabolic effects and to potential therapeutic measures to prevent them.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/

  2. Medici V, McClave SA, Miller KR (2016) Common medications which lead to unintended alterations in weight gain or organ lipotoxicity. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 18(1):2–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Domecq JP, Prutsky Gk KF, Lababidi MH et al (2015) Drugs commonly associated with weight change: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100(2):363–370

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Curtis JR, Westfall AO, Allison J et al (2006) Population-based assessment of adverse events associated with long-term glucocorticoid use. Arthritis Rheum 55(3):420–426

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Wung PK, Anderson T, Fontaine KR et al (2008) Effects of glucocorticoids on weight change during the treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Wegener’s Granulomatosis Etanercept Trial Research Group. Arthritis Rheum 59(5):746–753

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Elster EA, Leeser DB, Morrissette C et al (2008) Obesity following kidney transplantation and steroid avoidance immunosuppression. Clin Transplant 22(3):354–359

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Christ-Crain M, Kola B, Lolli F, Fekete C, Seboek D, Wittmann G et al (2008) AMP-activated protein kinase mediates glucocorticoid induced metabolic changes: a novel mechanism in Cushing’s syndrome. FASEB J 22:1672–1683

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bowles NP, Karatsoreos IN, Li X et al (2015) A peripheral endocannabinoid mechanism contributes to glucocorticoid-mediated metabolic syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112(1):285–290

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Petersons CJ, Mangelsdorf BL, Jenkins AB et al (2013) Effects of low-dose prednisolone on hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and abdominal adiposity in patients with inflammatory rheumatologic disease. Diabetes Care 36:2822–2829

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Dube S, Slama MQ, Basu A, Rizza RA, Basu R (2015) Glucocorticoid excess increases hepatic 11β-HSD-1 activity in humans: implications in steroid-induced diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100(11):4155–4162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Wolf G (2002) Glucocorticoids in adipocytes stimulate visceral obesity. Nutr Rev 60(5 Pt 1):148–151

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Stomby A, Andrew R, Walker BR, Olsson T (2014) Tissue-specific dysregulation of cortisol regeneration by 11betaHSD1 in obesity: has it promised too much? Diabetologia 57(6):1100–1110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Van Gaal L, Scheen A (2015) Weight management in type 2 diabetes: current and emerging approaches to treatment. Diabetes Care 38(6):1161–1172

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Russell-Jones D, Khan R (2007) Insulin-associated weight gain in diabetes—causes, effects and coping strategies. Diabetes Obes Metab 6:799–812

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Pontiroli AE, Miele L, Morabito A (2011) Increase of body weight during the first year of intensive insulin treatment in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab 13(11):1008–1019

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Mäkimattila S, Nikkilä K, Yki-Yärvinen H (1999) Causes of weight gain during insulin therapy with and without metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 42:406–412

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hermansen K, Davies M (2007) Does insulin detemir have a role in reducing risk of insulin-associated weight gain? Diabetes Obes Metab 9(3):209–217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group (1998) Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 352:854–865

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Kahn SE, Haffner SM, Heise MA, F.R.C.P. for the ADOPT Study Group et al (2006) Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy. N Engl J Med 355:2427–2443

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Wilding J (2006) Thiazolidinediones, insulin resistance and obesity: finding a balance. Int J Clin Pract 60:1272–1280

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Sanyal AJ, Chalasani N, Kowdley KV et al (2010) Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 362(18):1675–1685

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group (1995) Overview of 6 years’ therapy of type II diabetes: a progressive disease (UK prospective diabetes study 16). Diabetes 44:149–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Apovian CM, Aronne LJ, Bessesen DH et al (2015) Pharmacological management of obesity: an endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100(2):342–362

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Landsberg L, Aronne LJ, Beilin LJ, Burke V, Igel LI, Lloyd-Jones D, Sowers J (2013) Obesity-related hypertension: pathogenesis, cardiovascular risk, and treatment—a position paper of The Obesity Society and The American Society of Hypertension. Obesity (Silver Spring) 21(1):8–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Sharma AM, Pischon T, Hardt S, Kunz I, Luft FC (2001) B-adrenergic receptor blockers and weight gain: a systematic analysis. Hypertension 37:250–254

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Messerli FH, Bell DS, Fonseca V, Investigators GEMINI et al (2007) Body weight changes with beta-blocker use: results of GEMINI. Am J Med 120(7):610–615

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Clement K, Vaisse C, Manning BS et al (1995) Genetic variation in the beta 3-adrenergic receptor and an increased capacity to gain weight in patients with morbid obesity. N Engl J Med 333:352–354

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Welle S, Schwartz RG, Statt M (1991) Reduced metabolic rate during beta-adrenergic blockade in humans. Metabolism 40:619–622

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Astrup A, Simonsen L, Bülow J, Madsen J, Christensen NJ (1989) Epinephrine mediates facultative carbohydrate-induced thermogenesis in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 257(3 Pt 1):E340–E345

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Koch G, Franz IW, Lohmann FW (1981) Effects of short-term and long-term treatment with cardio-selective and non-selective beta-receptor blockade on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and on plasma catecholamines at rest and during exercise. Clin Sci 61(suppl 7):433s–435s

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Elliott WJ, Meyer PM (2007) Incident diabetes in clinical trials of antihypertensive drugs: a network meta-analysis. Lancet 369(9557):201–207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Pollare T, Lithell H, Selinus I, Berne C (1989) Sensitivity to insulin during treatment with atenolol and metoprolol: a randomised, double blind study of effects on carbohydrate and lipoprotein metabolism in hypertensive patients. BMJ 298(6681):1152–1157

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Bakris GL, Fonseca V, Katholi RE, Investigators GEMINI et al (2004) Metabolic effects of carvedilol vs metoprolol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 292(18):2227–2236

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ripley TL, Saseen JJ (2014) β-blockers: a review of their pharmacological and physiological diversity in hypertension. Ann Pharmacother 48(6):723–733

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Moore TJ, Mattison DR (2017) Adult utilization of psychiatric drugs and differences by sex, age, and race. JAMA Intern Med 177(2):274–275

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Compton MT, Daumit GL, Druss BG (2006) Cigarette smoking and overweight/obesity among individuals with serious mental illnesses: a preventive perspective. Harv Rev Psychiatry 14(4):212–222

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Naughton M, Dinan TG, Scott LV (2014) Corticotropin-releasing hormone and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in psychiatric disease. Handb Clin Neurol 124:69–91

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ménard C, Pfau ML, Hodes GE, Russo SJ (2017) Immune and neuroendocrine mechanisms of stress vulnerability and resilience. Neuropsychopharmacology 42(1):62–80

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Capuron L, Lasselin J, Castanon N (2017) Role of adiposity-driven inflammation in depressive morbidity. Neuropsychopharmacology 42(1):115–128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Chuang JC, Krishnan V, Yu HG et al (2010) A beta3-adrenergic-leptin-melanocortin circuit regulates behavioral and metabolic changes induced by chronic stress. Biol Psychiatry 67(11):1075–1082

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Zimmermann U, Kraus T, Himmerich H, Schuld A, Pollmächer T (2003) Epidemiology, implications and mechanisms underlying drug induced weight gain in psychiatric patients. J Psychiatr Res 37(3):193–220

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Vandenberghe F, Gholam-Rezaee M, Saigí-Morgui N et al (2015) Importance of early weight changes to predict long-term weight gain during psychotropic drug treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 76(11):e1417–e1423

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. American Diabetes Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists et al (2004) Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care 27(2):596–601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Bernstein JG (1987) Induction of obesity by psychotropic drugs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 499:203–215

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Smith GC, Vickers MH, Cognard E, Shepherd PR (2009) Clozapine and quetiapine acutely reduce glucagon-like peptide-1 production and increase glucagon release in obese rats: implications for glucose metabolism and food choice behaviour. Schizophr Res 115(1):30–40

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Stanhope KL, Havel PJ (2010) Fructose consumption: recent results and their potential implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1190:15–24

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Himmerich H, Minkwitz J, Kirkby KC (2015) Weight gain and metabolic changes during treatment with antipsychotics and antidepressants. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 15(4):252–260

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Casey DE, Zorn SH (2001) The pharmacology of weight gain with antipsychotics. Clin Psych 62(suppl 7):4–10

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Bahra SM, Weidemann BJ, Castro AN et al (2015) Risperidone-induced weight gain is mediated through shifts in the gut microbiome and suppression of energy expenditure. EBioMedicine 2(11):1725–1734

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Oh JE, Cho YM, Kwak SN et al (2012) Inhibition of mouse brown adipocyte differentiation by second-generation antipsychotics. Exp Mol Med 44(9):545–553

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Pavan C, Vindigni V, Michelotto L et al (2010) Weight gain related to treatment with atypical antipsychotics is due to activation of PKC-β. Pharmacogenomics J 10(5):408–417

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Everard A, Cani PD (2013) Diabetes, obesity and gut microbiota. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 27(1):73–83

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Flowers SA, Evans SJ, Ward KM, McInnis MG, Ellingrod VL (2017) Interaction between atypical antipsychotics and the gut microbiome in a bipolar disease cohort. Pharmacotherapy 37(3):261–267

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Shams TA, Müller DJ (2014) Antipsychotic induced weight gain: genetics, epigenetics, and biomarkers reviewed. Curr Psychiatry Rep 16(10):473

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Lett TA, Wallace TJ, Chowdhury NI, Tiwari AK, Kennedy JL, Müller DJ (2012) Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic-induced weight gain: review and clinical implications. Mol Psychiatry 17(3):242–266

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Serreti A, Mandelli L (2010) Antidepresants and body weight: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 71(10):1259–1272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Massand PS, Gupta S (2002) Long term side effects of newer generation antidepressants SSRIS, venlafaxine, nefazodone, bupropion and mirtazapine. Ann Clin Psychiatry 14(3):175–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Gadde KM, Xiong GL (2007) Bupropion for weight reduction. Expert Rev Neurother 7(1):17–24

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Billes SK, Sinnayah P, Cowley MA (2014) Naltrexone/bupropion for obesity: an investigational combination pharmacotherapy for weight loss. Pharmacol Res 84:1–11

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Livingstone C, Rampes H (2006) Lithium: a review of its metabolic adverse effects. J Psychopharmacol 20(3):347–355

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Chen Y, Silverstone T (1990) Lithium and weight gain. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 5(3):217–225

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Sohn M, Moga DC, Blumenschein K, Talbert J (2016) National trends in off-label use of atypical antipsychotics in children and adolescents in the United States. Medicine (Baltimore) 95(23):e3784

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Verdoux H, Tournier M, Bégaud B (2010) Antipsychotic prescribing trends: a review of pharmaco-epidemiological studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand 121(1):4–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Allison DB, Mentore JL, Heo M et al (1999) Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a comprehensive research synthesis. Am J Psychiatry 156(11):1686–1696

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Allison DB, Casey DE (2001) Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a review of the literature. J Clin Psychiatry 62(Suppl 7):22–31

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Balf G, Stewart DT, Whitehead R, Baker RA (2008) Metabolic adverse events in patients with mental illness treated with antipsychotics: a primary care perspective. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 10(1):15–24

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Orsolini L, Tomasetti C, Valchera A et al (2016) An update of safety of clinically used atypical antipsychotics. Expert Opin Drug Saf 15(10):1329–1347

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Correll CU, Manu P, Olshanskiy V, Napolitano B, Kane JM, Malhotra AK (2009) Cardiometabolic risk of second-generation antipsychotic medications during first-time use in children and adolescents. JAMA 302(16):1765–1773

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Hoffmann VP, Case M, Stauffer VL, Jacobson JG, Conley RR (2010) Predictive value of early changes in triglycerides and weight for longer-term changes in metabolic measures during olanzapine, ziprasidone or aripiprazole treatment for schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder post hoc analyses of 3 randomized, controlled trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol 30(6):656–660

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Ascher-Svanum H, Stensland M, Zhao Z, Kinon BJ (2005) Acute weight gain, gender, and therapeutic response to antipsychotics in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 5:3

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Mitchell AJ, Vancampfort D, Sweers K, van Winkel R, Yu W, De Hert M (2013) Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and metabolic abnormalities in schizophrenia and related disorders—a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull 39(2):306–318

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Holt RI, Peveler RC (2006) Association between antipsychotic drugs and diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 8(2):125–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. De Hert M, Detraux J, van Winkel R, Yu W, Correll CU (2011) Metabolic and cardiovascular adverse effects associated with antipsychotic drugs. Nat Rev Endocrinol 8(2):114–126

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Ballon JS, Pajvani U, Freyberg Z, Leibel RL, Lieberman JA (2014) Molecular pathophysiology of metabolic effects of antipsychotic medications. Trends Endocrinol Metab 25(11):593–600

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Dwyer DS, Donohoe D (2003) Induction of hyperglycemia in mice with atypical antipsychotic drugs that inhibit glucose uptake. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 75(2):255–260

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Daumit GL, Goff DC, Meyer JM et al (2008) Antipsychotic effects on estimated 10-year coronary heart disease risk in the CATIE schizophrenia study. Schizophr Res 105(1–3):175–187

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Ben-Menachem E (2007) Weight issues for people with epilepsy—a review. Epilepsia 48(Suppl 9):42–45

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Verrotti A, D’Egidio C, Mohn A, Coppola G, Chiarelli F (2011) Weight gain following treatment with valproic acid: pathogenetic mechanisms and clinical implications. Obes Rev 12(5):e32–e43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Belcastro V, D’Egidio C, Striano P, Verrotti A (2013) Metabolic and endocrine effects of valproic acid chronic treatment. Epilepsy Res 107(1–2):1–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Wong HY, Chu TS, Lai JC et al (2005) Sodium valproate inhibits glucose transport and exacerbates Glut1-deficiency in vitro. J Cell Biochem 96(4):775–785

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Farinelli E, Giampaoli D, Cenciarini A, Cercado E, Verrotti A (2015) Valproic acid and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a possible association? World J Hepatol 7(9):1251–1257

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Swann AC (2001) Major system toxicities and side effects of anticonvulsants. J Clin Psychiatry 62(suppl 14):16–21

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Antel J, Hebebrand J (2012) Weight-reducing side effects of the antiepileptic agents topiramate and zonisamide. Handb Exp Pharmacol 209:433–466

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Smith SM, Meyer M, Trinkley KE (2013) Phentermine/topiramate for the treatment of obesity. Ann Pharmacother 47(3):340–349

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Gierisch JM, Nieuwsma JA, Bradford DW et al (2013) Interventions to improve cardiovascular risk factors in people with serious mental illness [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). Report No.: 13-EHC063-EF. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews

  86. Green CA, Yarborough BJ, Leo MC et al (2015) The STRIDE weight loss and lifestyle intervention for individuals taking antipsychotic medications: a randomized trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 23(10):1995–2001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Alvarez-Jiménez M, Hetrick SE, González-Blanch C, Gleeson JF, McGorry PD (2008) Non pharmacological management of antipsychotic-induced weight gain: systematic review and meta analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Psychiatry 193(2):101–107

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Newcomer JW, Weiden PJ, Buchanan RW (2013) Switching antipsychotic medications to reduce adverse event burden in schizophrenia: establishing evidence-based practice. J Clin Psychiatry 74(11):1108–1120

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Hasnain M, Vieweg WV (2013) Weight considerations in psychotropic drug prescribing and switching. Postgrad Med 125(5):117–129

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Mukundan A, Faulkner G, Cohn T, Remington G (2010) Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic-induced weight or metabolic problems. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (12):CD006629. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006629.pub2

  91. Mizuno Y, Suzuki T, Nakagawa A et al (2014) Pharmacological strategies to counteract antipsychotic-induced weight gain and metabolic adverse effects in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull 40(6):1385–1403

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Zheng W, Li XB, Tang YL, Xiang YQ, Wang CY, de Leon J (2015) Metformin for weight gain and metabolic abnormalities associated with antipsychotic treatment: meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol 35(5):499–509

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Hu Y, Young AJ, Ehli EA et al (2014) Metformin and berberine prevent olanzapine-induced weight gain in rats. PLoS One 9(3):e93310

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Ebdrup BH, Knop FK, Ishøy PL et al (2012) Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs against antipsychotic-induced weight gain: potential physiological benefits. BMC Med 10:92

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Lykkegaard K, Larsen PJ, Vrang N, Bock C, Bock T, Knudsen LB (2008) The once-daily human GLP-1 analog, liraglutide, reduces olanzapine-induced weight gain and glucose intolerance. Schizophr Res 103(1–3):94–103

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Sharma AN, Ligade SS, Sharma JN, Shukla P, Elased KM, Lucot JB (2015) GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide reverses long-term atypical antipsychotic treatment associated behavioral depression and metabolic abnormalities in rats. Metab Brain Dis 30(2):519–527

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Larsen JR, Vedtofte L, Jakobsen MSL et al (2017) Effect of liraglutide treatment on prediabetes and overweight or obesity in clozapine-or olanzapine-treated patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.1220

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Müller N (2010) COX-2 inhibitors as antidepressants and antipsychotics: clinical evidence. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 11(1):31–42

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Gross C, Blasey CM, Roe RL, Belanoff JK (2010) Mifepristone reduces weight gain and improves metabolic abnormalities associated with risperidone treatment in normal men. Obesity (Silver Spring.) 18(12):2295–2300

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Belanoff JK, Blasey CM, Clark RD, Roe RL (2010) Selective glucocorticoid receptor (type II) antagonist prevents and reverses olanzapine-induced weight gain. Diabetes Obes Metab 12(6):545–547

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Rimessi A, Pavan C, Ioannidi E et al (2017) Protein kinase C β: a new target therapy to prevent the long-term atypical antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Neuropsychopharmacology 42(7):1491–1501

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2610, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium

    A. A. Verhaegen & L. F. Van Gaal

  2. Department of Endocrinology, ZNA-Jan Palfijn, Antwerp, Belgium

    A. A. Verhaegen

Authors
  1. A. A. Verhaegen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. L. F. Van Gaal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to L. F. Van Gaal.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Luc Van Gaal has received honoraria as speaker, consultant, and member of the international Advisory Board of Novo Nordisk, Eli-Lilly, Astra Zeneca, Janssen J&J, Merck MSD, Boehringer Ingelheim, Servier, and Sanofi. Ann Verhaegen has received honoraria as a speaker and member of the national Advisory Board of Eli-Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Amgen, Janssen J&J, Merck MSD, Astra Zeneca, and Sanofi.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Informed consent

Since this is a review, informed consent is not applicable.

Funding

The authors did not receive funding for this manuscript or for research in this field.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Verhaegen, A.A., Van Gaal, L.F. Drug-induced obesity and its metabolic consequences: a review with a focus on mechanisms and possible therapeutic options. J Endocrinol Invest 40, 1165–1174 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-017-0719-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-017-0719-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation