Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Do Disparities in Sleep Duration Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities Contribute to Differences in Disease Prevalence?

  • Published:
Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Sleep duration in the USA has declined continually during the second half of the twentieth century, before reaching a plateau in the early twenty-first century. However, not everyone has been equally affected by this continuous decline. Epidemiological studies indicate that ethnic minorities are sleeping even less than those in the general population. Today, Americans are sleeping, on average, for 6 h. This is significantly below the minimum recommended sleep duration of at least 7 h a day. This insufficiency of sleep duration, however, is not evenly distributed in the population, and different racial and ethnic minority groups are known to have an increased risk of experiencing shorter sleep duration and poorer sleep quality than their White peers. In tandem with this disproportionate decline in sleep duration are similar racial and ethnic disparities in overall health. This paper explores the differences in sleep duration and quality which exist for different ethnic groups, the probable causes behind such inequities, and their relationship to the growth of specific disease conditions. This review also considers sleep disorders in various racial and ethnic groups, and how these disorders are related to health outcomes. Finally, we discuss some of the implications of these differences, and particularly their clinical relevance, and recommend ways in which they might be addressed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Blanchard J, Lurie N. R-E-S-P-E-C-T: patient reports of disrespect in the health care setting and its impact on care. J Fam Pract. 2004;53(9):721–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bird ST, Bogart LM. Perceived race based and socioeconomic status (SES)-based discrimination with interactions with health care providers. Ethn Dis. 2001;11:554–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Kale E, Kumar BN. Challenges in healthcare in multi-ethnic societies: communication as a barrier to achieving health equity. Public Health - Social and Behavioral Health. 2012. https://doi.org/10.5772/38259.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Kirkcaldy BD, Siefen RG, Merbach M, Rutow N, Brahler E, et al. A comparison of general and illness-related locus of control in Russians, ethnic German migrants and Germans. Psychol Health Med. 2007;12(3):364–79.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Abraido-Lanza AE, Viladrich A, Florez KR, Cespedes A, Aguirre AN, et al. Commentary: fatalismo reconsidered: a cautionary note for health-related research and practice with Latino populations. Ethn Dis. 2007;17(1):153–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Colten HR, Altevogt BM. Institute of medicine committee on sleep medicine and research. Sleep disorders and sleep deprivation: an unmet public health problem. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine: National Academies Press; 2006. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/11617/sleep-disorders-and-sleep-deprivation-an-unmet-public-health-problem. Accessed on 09-14-2018

    Google Scholar 

  7. Buckhalt JA. Insufficient sleep and the socioeconomic status achievement gap. Child Dev Perspect. 2011;5(1):59–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2010.00151.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Knutson KL, Van Cauter E. Associations between sleep loss and increased risk of obesity and diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1129:287–304. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1417.033; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18591489. Accessed 14 Aug 2018

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Halder I, Matthews KA, Buysse DJ, Strollo PJ, Causer V, Reis SE, et al. African genetic ancestry is associated with sleep depth in older African Americans. Sleep. 2015;38(8):1185–93. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.4888; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25845688. Accessed 14 Aug 2018

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Dudley KA, Patel SR. Disparities and genetic risk factors in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med. 2016;18:96–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2015.01.015; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26428843. Accessed 14 Aug 2018

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR, Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  12. National Institutes of Health. Health disparities strategic plan and budget fiscal years 2009-2013. Bethesda: NIH; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Diez Roux AV. Conceptual approaches to the study of health disparities. Annu Rev Public Health. 2012 Apr;33:41–58. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031811-124534.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, Bliwise DL, Buxton OM, Buysse D, et al. Consensus conference panel, joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: methodology and discussion. Sleep. 2015;38(8):1161–83. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.4886; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26194576. Accessed 14 Aug 2018

  15. CDC - data and statistics - sleep and sleep disorders, 2017, July 13. Retrieved February 26, 2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/data_statistics.html. Accessed on 09-14-2018.

  16. Thomas KS, Bardwell WA, Ancoli-Israel S, Dimsdale JE. The toll of ethnic discrimination on sleep architecture and fatigue. Health Psychol. 2006;25(5):635–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Guglielmo D, Gazmararian JA, Chung J, Rogers AE, Hale L. Racial/ethnic sleep disparities in US school-aged children and adolescents: a review of the literature. Sleep Health. 2018;4(1):68–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2017.09.005; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29332684. Accessed 14 Aug 2018

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Organek KD, Taylor DJ, Petrie T, Martin S, Greenleaf C, Dietch JR, et al. Adolescent sleep disparities: sex and racial/ethnic differences. Sleep Health. 2015;1(1):36–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.003; https://www.sleephealthjournal.org/article/S2352-7218(14)00008-4/abstract. Accessed 14 Aug 2018

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Effect of short sleep duration on daily activities--United States, 2005–2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(8):239–42 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21368739. Accessed on 09-14-2018.

    Google Scholar 

  20. O’Connor GT, Lind BK, Lee ET, Nieto FJ, Redline S, Samet JM, et al. Variation in symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing with race and ethnicity: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Sleep. 2003;26(1):74–9 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12627736. Accessed 14 Aug 2018

  21. Amyx M, Xiong X, Xie Y, Buekens P. Racial/ethnic differences in sleep disorders and reporting of trouble sleeping among women of childbearing age in the United States. Matern Child Health J. 2017;21(2):306–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-016-2115-9; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27439422. Accessed 14 Aug 2018

    Google Scholar 

  22. Blazer DG, Hays JC, Foley DJ. Sleep complaints in older adults: a racial comparison. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1995;50(5):M280–4 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7671031. Accessed 14 Aug 2018

    Google Scholar 

  23. Phillips B, Mannino D. Correlates of sleep complaints in adults: the ARIC study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2005;1(3):277–83 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17566189. Accessed 14 Aug 2018

  24. Adenekan B, Pandey A, Mckenzie S, Zizi F, Casimir G, Jean-Louis G. Sleep in America: role of racial/ethnic differences. Sleep Med Rev. 2013;17(4):255–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2012.07.002; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23348004. Accessed 14 Aug 2018

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Ruiter ME, Decoster J, Jacobs L, Lichstein KL. Normal sleep in African-Americans and Caucasian-Americans: a meta-analysis. Sleep Med. 2011;12(3):209–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2010.12.010; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21317037. Accessed 14 Aug 2018

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Grandner MA, Petrov ME, Rattanaumpawan P, Jackson N, Platt A, Patel NP. Sleep symptoms, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic position. J Clin Sleep Med. 2013;9(9):897–905; 905A-905D. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.2990.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Hale L, Do DP. Racial differences in self-reports of sleep duration in a population-based study. Sleep. 2007;30(9):1096–103.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Liu Y, Wheaton AG, Chapman DP, Croft JB. Sleep duration and chronic diseases among U.S. adults age 45 years and older: evidence from the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Sleep. 2013;36(10):1421–7. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3028.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Whinnery J, Jackson N, Rattanaumpawan P, Grandner MA. Short and long sleep duration associated with race/ethnicity, sociodemographics, and socioeconomic position. Sleep. 2014;37(3):601–11. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3508.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Johnson DA, Lisabeth L, Lewis TT, Sims M, Hickson DA, Samdarshi T, et al. The contribution of psychosocial stressors to sleep among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study. Sleep. 2016;39(7):1411–9. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.5974.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Johnson DA, Guo N, Rueschman M, Wang R, Wilson JG, Redline S. Prevalence and correlates of obstructive sleep apnea among African Americans: the Jackson Heart Sleep Study. Sleep. 2018;41(10). https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy154.

  32. Johnson DA, Thomas SJ, Abdalla M, Guo N, Yano Y, Rueschman M, et al. Association between sleep apnea and blood pressure control among blacks. Circulation. 2019 Mar 5;139(10):1275–84. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036675.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Chen X, Wang R, Zee P, Lutsey PL, Javaheri S, Alcántara C, et al. Racial/ethnic differences in sleep disturbances: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Sleep. 2015;38(6):877–88 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25409106. Accessed 21 Sept 2018

  34. Braveman P. Health disparities and health equity: concepts and measurement. Annu Rev Public Health. 2006;27:167–94. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Williams NJ, Grandner MA, Wallace DM, Cuffee Y, Airhihenbuwa C, Okuyemi K, et al. Social and behavioral predictors of insufficient sleep among African Americans and Caucasians. Sleep Med. 2016;18:103–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2015.02.533; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26514614. Accessed 21 Sept 2018

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Stamatakis KA, Kaplan GA, Roberts RE. Short sleep duration across income, education and race/ethnic groups: population prevalence and growing disparities over 34 years of follow-up. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17(12):948–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.07.096 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17855122.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Friedman EM, Love GD, Rosenkranz MA, Urry HL, Davidson RJ, Singer BH, et al. Socioeconomic status predicts objective and subjective sleep quality in aging women. Psychosom Med. 2007;69(7):682–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Patel NP, Grandner MA, Xie D, Branas CC, Gooneratne N. "Sleep disparity" in the population: poor sleep quality is strongly associated with poverty and ethnicity. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:475. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-475.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Moore PJ, Adler NE, Williams DR, Jackson JS. Socioeconomic status and health: the role of sleep. Psychosom Med. 2002;64(2):337–44 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11914451. Accessed 21 Sept 2018

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Marmot MG. The status syndrome: how social standing affects our health and longevity. Henry Holt & Co Inc: New York; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Grigsby-Toussaint DS, Turi KN, Krupa M, Williams NJ, Pandi-Perumal SR, Jean-Louis G. Sleep insufficiency and the natural environment: results from the US Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey. Prev Med. 2015;78:78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.07.011; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26193624. Accessed 21 Sept 2018

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Jennings V, Johnson Gaither C. Approaching environmental health disparities and green spaces: an ecosystem services perspective. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(2):1952–68. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120201952; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25674782. Accessed 21 Sept 2018

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Wen M, Zhang X, Harris CD, Holt JB, Croft JB. Spatial disparities in the distribution of parks and green spaces in the USA. Ann Behav Med. 2013;45(Suppl 1):18–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9426-x; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23334758. Accessed 21 Sept 2018

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Jackson CL, Redline S, Kawachi I, Williams MA, Hu FB. Racial disparities in short sleep duration by occupation and industry. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178(9):1442–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt159; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24018914. Accessed 21 Sept 2018

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Pandi-Perumal SR, Abumuamar AM, Spence DW, Chattu VK, Moscovitch A, BaHammam AS. Racial/ethnic and social inequities in sleep medicine: the tip of the iceberg? J Natl Med Assoc. 2017;109(4):279–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Chen X, Wang R, Zee P, et al. Racial/ethnic differences in sleep disturbances: the MultiEthnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Sleep. 2015;38:877–88.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Petrov ME, Lichstein KL. Differences in sleep between black and white adults: an update and future directions. Sleep Med. 2016;18:74–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Knutson KL, Van Cauter E, Rathouz PJ, Yan LL, Hulley SB, Liu K, et al. Association between sleep and blood pressure in midlife: the CARDIA sleep study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(11):1055–61. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.119.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Grandner MA, Sands-Lincoln MR, Pak VM, Garland SN. Sleep duration, cardiovascular disease, and proinflammatory biomarkers. Nat Sci Sleep. 2013;5:93–107. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S31063.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Grandner MA, Chakravorty S, Perlis ML, Oliver L, Gurubhagavatula I. Habitual sleep duration associated with self-reported and objectively determined cardiometabolic risk factors. Sleep Med. 2014;15(1):42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2013.09.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Grandner MA, Patel NP, Gehrman PR, Xie D, Sha D, Weaver T, et al. Who gets the best sleep? Ethnic and socioeconomic factors related to sleep complaints. Sleep Med. 2010;11(5):470–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2009.10.006.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Gellis LA, Lichstein KL, Scarinci IC, Durrence HH, Taylor DJ, Bush AJ, et al. Socioeconomic status and insomnia. J Abnorm Psychol. 2005;114(1):111–8. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Tomfohr LM, Ancoli-Israel S, Dimsdale JE. Childhood socioeconomic status and race are associated with adult sleep. Behav Sleep Med. 2010;8(4):219–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2010.509236.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Park Y, Quinn J, Florez K, Jacobson J, Neckerman K, Rundle A. Hispanic immigrant women’s perspective on healthy foods and the New York City retail food environment: a mixed-method study. Soc Sci Med. 2011;73(1):13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.04.012.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Sell RE, Bardwell W, Palinkas L, Ancoli-Israel S, Dimsdale J, Loredo JS. Ethnic differences in sleep-health knowledge. Sleep. 2009;32(Abstract Supplement):A392.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Schiller JS, Lucas JW, Peregoy JA. Summary health statistics for U.S. Adults: national health interview survey, 2011. Vital Health Stat 10. 2012;(256):1–218 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25116400. Accessed 25 March 2019

  57. Kingsbury JH, Buxton OM, Emmons KM. Sleep and its relationship to racial and ethnic disparities in cardiovascular disease. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep. 2013;7(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12170-013-0330-0; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24244756. Accessed 25 March 2019

    Google Scholar 

  58. Vishnu A, Shankar A, Kalidindi S. Examination of the association between insufficient sleep and cardiovascular disease and diabetes by race/ethnicity. Int J Endocrinol. 2011;2011:789358. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/789358; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21754929. Accessed 25 March 2019

    Google Scholar 

  59. Schwartz RC, Blankenship DM. Racial disparities in psychotic disorder diagnosis: a review of empirical literature. World J Psychiatry. 2014;4(4):133–40. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v4.i4.133; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4274585/. Accessed 25 March 2019

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Kalmbach DA, Pillai V, Arnedt JT, Drake CL. DSM-5 insomnia and short sleep: comorbidity landscape and racial disparities. Sleep. 2016;39(12):2101–11. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.6306; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27634805. Accessed 25 March 2019

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Spiegel K, Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet. 1999;354(9188):1435–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Neckelmann D, Mykletun A, Dahl AA. Chronic insomnia as a risk factor for developing anxiety and depression. Sleep. 2007;30(7):873–80.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2011. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2012. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/ss/pdfs/ss6506.pdf. Accessed on 09-14-2018

    Google Scholar 

  64. Leonard WR. Laboratory and field methods for measuring human energy expenditure. Am J Hum Biol. 2012;24(3):372–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22260; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22419374. Accessed 25 March 2019

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. JAMA. 2014;311(8):806–14. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.732; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24570244. Accessed 25 March 2019

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Bahr PR. Race and nutrition: an investigation of Black-White differences in health-related nutritional behaviours. Sociol Health Illn. 2007;29(6):831–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Wilson T, Adolph A, Butte N. Nutrient adequacy and diet quality in non-overweight and overweight Hispanic children of low socioeconomic status: the Viva la Familia Study. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(6):1012–21.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Li W, Youssef G, Procter-Gray E, Olendzki B, Cornish T, Hayes R, et al. Racial differences in eating patterns and food purchasing behaviors among urban older women. J Nutr Health Aging. 2017;21(10):1190–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Noorwali EA, Cade JE, Burley VJ, Hardie LJ. The relationship between sleep duration and fruit/vegetable intakes in UK adults: a cross-sectional study from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. BMJ Open. 2018;8(4):e020810.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Bellatorre A, Choi K, Lewin D, Haynie D, Simons-Morton B. Relationships between smoking and sleep problems in Black and White adolescents. Sleep. 2017;40(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsw031; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28364464. Accessed 25 March 2019

  71. Hale L, Hill TD, Friedman E, Nieto FJ, Galvao LW, Engelman CD, et al. Perceived neighborhood quality, sleep quality, and health status: evidence from the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin. Soc Sci Med. 2013;79:16–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.07.021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Laposky AD, Van Cauter E, Diez-Roux AV. Reducing health disparities: the role of sleep deficiency and sleep disorders. Sleep Med. 2016;18:3–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2015.01.007; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26431756. Accessed 25 March 2019

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge all the authors and researchers of the articles that were reviewed in preparing this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Vijay Kumar Chattu or Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chattu, V.K., Chattu, S.K., Spence, D.W. et al. Do Disparities in Sleep Duration Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities Contribute to Differences in Disease Prevalence?. J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 6, 1053–1061 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-019-00607-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-019-00607-7

Keywords

Navigation