Skip to main content
Log in

On the Distinction Between the Motivating Operation and Setting Event Concepts

  • On Terms
  • Published:
The Behavior Analyst Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In recent decades, behavior analysts have generally used two different concepts to speak about motivational influences on operant contingencies: setting event and motivating operation. Although both concepts still appear in the contemporary behavior-analytic literature and were designed to address the same antecedent phenomena, the concepts are quite different. The purpose of the present article is to describe and distinguish the concepts and to illustrate their current usage.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. The term motivating operation (MO) will be used from this point forward to refer to all three terms in Michael’s taxonomy: motivating operation, establishing operation, and abolishing operation.

  2. The search terms were motivating operation, establishing operation, or abolishing operation appearing in titles or abstracts.

  3. The search terms were setting event or setting factor appearing in titles or abstracts.

References

  • Bijou, S. W., & Baer, D. M. (1961). Child development I: systematic and empirical theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (1987). Applied behavior analysis. Columbus, OH: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2007). Applied behavior analysis (2nd ed.). Columbus, OH: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groskreutz, N. C., Groskreutz, M. P., Bloom, S. E., & Slocum, T. A. (2014). Generalization of negatively reinforced mands in children with autism. J Appl Behav Anal, 47, 560–579. doi:10.1002/jaba.151.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kantor, J. R. (1953). The logic of modern science. Chicago: Principia Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kantor, J. R. (1959). Interbehavioral psychology: a sample of scientific system construction. Granville, OH: Principia Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, F. S., & Schoenfeld, W. N. (1950). Principles of psychology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laraway, S., Snycerski, S., Michael, J., & Poling, A. (2003). Motivating operations and terms to describe them: some further refinements. J Appl Behav Anal, 36, 407–414. doi:10.1901/jaba.2003.36-407.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laraway, S., Snycerski, S., Olson, R., Becker, B., & Poling, A. (2014). The motivating operations concept: current status and critical response. Psychol Rec, 64, 601–623. doi:10.1007/s40732-014-0080-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leigland, S. (1984). On “setting events” and related concepts. The Behavior Analyst, 7, 41–45.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madden, G. J. (2012). APA handbook of behavior analysis. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, G. R., Sulzer-Azaroff, B., & Wallace, M. (2012). Behavior analysis for lasting change (2nd ed.). New York: Sloan Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, D. M., & Carr, E. G. (2005). Quality of rapport as a setting event for problem behavior: assessment and intervention. J Posit Behav Interv, 7, 68–91. doi:10.1177/10983007050070020401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michael, J. (1982). Distinguishing between discriminative and motivational functions of stimuli. J Exp Anal Behav, 37, 149–155. doi:10.1901/jeab.1982.37-149.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michael, J. (1993). Establishing operations. The Behavior Analyst, 16, 191–206.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michael, J. (2007). Motivating Operations. In J. O. Cooper, T. E. Heron, & W. L. Heward (Eds.), Applied behavior analysis (2nd ed., pp. 374–391). Upper Saddle River: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miguel, C. F. (2013). Jack Michael’s motivation. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 29, 3–11.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miltenberger, R. G. (1997). Behavior modification: principles and procedures. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miltenberger, R. G. (2001). Behavior modification: principles and procedures (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomason Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms: an experimental analysis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B. F. (1945). The operational analysis of psychological terms. Psychol Rev, 52, 270–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sulzer-Azaroff, B., & Mayer, G. R. (1991). Behavior analysis for lasting change. Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tourinho, E. Z., & Neno, S. (2003). Effectiveness as truth criterion in behavior analysis. Behav Philos, 31, 63–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whelan, R., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2010). Consequence valuing as operation and process: a parsimonious analysis of motivation. Psychol Rec, 60, 337–354.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Melissa R. Nosik.

Additional information

Author Notes

The content of this article does not reflect an official position of the Behavior Analyst Certification Board.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Nosik, M.R., Carr, J.E. On the Distinction Between the Motivating Operation and Setting Event Concepts. BEHAV ANALYST 38, 219–223 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-015-0042-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-015-0042-5

Keywords

Navigation