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The Use of Antidepressants in Belgian Nursing Homes

Focus on Indications and Dosages in the PHEBE Study

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Abstract

Background

Since antidepressants are prescribed for multiple indications, the use of an antidepressant cannot be equated with a diagnosis of depression.

Objective

The objective of this study was to examine the quality of antidepressant prescribing in Belgian nursing homes, with a critical evaluation of indications and dosages, to see whether depression was appropriately treated in terms of drug choice, the indications for which antidepressants were being prescribed and whether there was underdosing.

Methods

This analysis was based on data obtained in the Prescribing in Homes for the Elderly in Belgium (PHEBE) study, a cross-sectional, descriptive study of a representative, stratified, random sample of 1,730 residents from 76 Belgian nursing homes. The PHEBE study investigated overall drug utilization in Belgian nursing homes in 2006. Clinical and medication data for the present study were obtained from this study. A 28-item checklist of clinical conditions was designed ad hoc for the PHEBE study and sent to the residents’ general practitioners (GPs) to collect clinical information. We copied the residents’ medication charts, classified the drugs using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system codes and transferred the drug names and dosages into a database. Information on indications was retrospectively obtained from the GPs, so that we could link the indication to each medication. Minimum effective doses (MEDs) of antidepressants to treat major depression were obtained from the literature to assess underdosing.

Results

The overall use of antidepressants in nursing homes was 39.5 % (95 % CI 37.2, 41.8). The physicians classified 34.2 % (95 % CI 32.0, 36.4) of the residents as having depression, and 80.9 % of these patients were treated with an antidepressant. Indications among the single antidepressant users (n = 551) were depression (66.2 %), insomnia (13.4 %), anxiety (6.2 %) and neuropathic pain (1.6 %). In the indication of depression, 74.8 % used a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), predominantly citalopram, sertraline and escitalopram. Venlafaxine was used by 10.7 % of the residents. Dosages for these antidepressants were equal to or higher than the MED. But when trazodone, amitriptyline or mirtazapine were used to treat depression, respectively, 92.3, 55.5 and 44.5 % of prescribed dosages were below the MED. In the indication of insomnia, most of the time, trazodone (90.5 %) or mirtazapine (5.4 %) were used, and in lower dosages than those required for depression treatment (<MED). Tricyclic antidepressants were predominantly used for the treatment of neuropathic pain and were also used at lower dosages. Of all the residents receiving a medication for anxiety, only 13.9 % received an antidepressant (mostly an SSRI), and the remaining received a benzodiazepine.

Conclusions

The number one indication for the use of an antidepressant was depression. Within this indication, mostly the recommended SSRIs were used, in dosages equal to or higher than the MED. Furthermore, we noticed that there was substantial use of sedative antidepressants for insomnia and that the physicians preferred to prescribe benzodiazepines over the recommended SSRIs to treat anxiety chronically.

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Acknowledgments

The authors have no conflict of interest relevant to the content of this study. No sources of funding were used to assist the completion of this original paper. Original data was obtained from the PHEBE study, which was sponsored by a research grant from the Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre registered with the number 2005-17.

Author contributions

J. Bourgeois formulated the research question, performed analyses and wrote the paper. M. Elseviers formulated the research question, supervised the statistical analyses and assisted with writing the paper. M. Petrovic assisted with writing the paper and gave input from a clinical geriatric point of view. L. Van Bortel assisted with writing the paper. R. Vander Stichele formulated the research question, assisted with writing the paper and helped interpret the results.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 (1 Block B), 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Jolyce Bourgeois, Monique M. Elseviers, Luc Van Bortel, Mirko Petrovic & Robert H. Vander Stichele

  2. Department of Nursing Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

    Monique M. Elseviers

  3. Service of Geriatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

    Mirko Petrovic

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  1. Jolyce Bourgeois
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  2. Monique M. Elseviers
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Correspondence to Jolyce Bourgeois.

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Bourgeois, J., Elseviers, M.M., Van Bortel, L. et al. The Use of Antidepressants in Belgian Nursing Homes. Drugs Aging 29, 759–769 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-012-0003-6

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