Top

Mindfulness

Gepubliceerd in:

08-06-2020 | REVIEW

Mindfulness and Empathy Among Counseling and Psychotherapy Professionals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Auteurs: David Cooper, Keong Yap, Maureen O’Brien, India Scott

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 10/2020

Abstract

Objectives

Past research shows that mindfulness-based training improves empathy in healthcare professionals and the general population. However, the empirical evidence for applying this assumption to counselors and psychotherapists is not well established. This review sought to examine the relationship between mindfulness and empathy, and the effects of mindfulness-based training on empathy among counselors and psychotherapists.

Methods

Published studies and dissertations indexed by PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and Medline were systematically reviewed. We performed random-effects meta-analyses of both cross-sectional evidence and pre-post results of mindfulness-based training.

Results

A total of 22 studies met criteria. Greater self-reported levels of mindfulness were associated with less empathic personal distress, r = − .39, 95% CI [−.57, −.18], and greater perspective taking, r = .27, 95% CI [.09, .44]. An analysis of pre-post data indicated that mindfulness-based training did not have a significant effect on empathy.

Conclusions

There is a positive association between mindfulness and some aspects of empathy. However, mindfulness-based training did not significantly alter levels of empathy. Other methods of increasing empathy in counselors and psychotherapists should be explored. Furthermore, caution should be exercised when generalizing results from studies involving other healthcare professionals and the general population to counselors and psychotherapists.

volgende artikel From Teachers’ Mindfulness to Students’ Thriving: the Mindful Self in School Relationships (MSSR) Model

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Baer, R., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: the Kentucky inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment, 11(3), 191–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191104268029.

Baer, R., Smith, G., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504.CrossRefPubMed

Ballinger, J. A. (2013). Pilot of a learning management system to enhance counselors’ relational qualities through mindfulness-based practices. Doctoral dissertation, University of North Texas. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc271776/

Batson, C. D. (2009). These things called empathy: eight related but distinct phenomena. In J. Decety & W. Ickes (Eds.), The social neuroscience of empathy (pp. 3–16). MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262012973.003.0002.

Beaumont, E., Rayner, G., Durkin, M., & Bowling, G. (2017). The effects of compassionate mind training on student psychotherapists. The Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice, 12(5), 300–312. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmhtep-06-2016-0030.CrossRef

Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230–241. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077.

Bohecker, L., & Doughty Horn, E. A. (2016). Increasing students’ empathy and counseling self-efficacy through a mindfulness experiential small group. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 41(4), 312–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/01933922.2016.1232322.CrossRef

Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. John Wiley and Sons.

Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822.

Bruce, N. G., Shapiro, S. L., Constantino, M. J., & Manber, R. (2010). Psychotherapist mindfulness and the psychotherapy process. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 47(1), 83–97 https://doi.org/10/dqx757.CrossRef

Cardaciotto, L., Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Moitra, E., & Farrow, V. (2008). The assessment of present-moment awareness and acceptance: The Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale. Assessment, 15(2), 204–223. https://doi.org/10/d6mwqr.

Cooper, D., Yap, K., & Batalha, L. (2018). Mindfulness-based interventions and their effects on emotional clarity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 235, 265–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.018.

Davis, M. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10.

Davis, D. M., & Hayes, J. A. (2011). What are the benefits of mindfulness? A practice review of psychotherapy-related research. Psychotherapy, 48(2), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022062.CrossRefPubMed

Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3(2), 71–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534582304267187.CrossRefPubMed

Dunn, R., Callahan, J. L., Swift, J. K., & Ivanovic, M. (2013). Effects of pre-session centering for therapists on session presence and effectiveness. Psychotherapy Research, 23(1), 78–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2012.731713.CrossRefPubMed

Elliott, R., Bohart, A. C., Watson, J. C., & Greenberg, L. S. (2011). Empathy. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022187.CrossRefPubMed

Escuriex, B. F., & Labbé, E. E. (2011). Health care providers’ mindfulness and treatment outcomes: A critical review of the research literature. Mindfulness, 2(4), 242–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0068-z.

Ferrari, M., Hunt, C., Harrysunker, A., Abbott, M. J., Beath, A. P., & Einstein, D. A. (2019). Self-compassion interventions and psychosocial outcomes: A meta-analysis of RCTs. Mindfulness, 10(8), 1455–1473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01134-6.

Fulton, C. (2016). Mindfulness, self-compassion, and counselor characteristics and session variables. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 38(4), 360–374. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.38.4.06.CrossRef

Fulton, C., & Cashwell, C. S. (2015). Mindfulness-based awareness and compassion: Predictors of counselor empathy and anxiety. Counselor Education and Supervision, 54(2), 122–133. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12009.

Fulton, P., Germer, C. K., & Siegel, R. D. (2005). Mindfulness and psychotherapy. Guilford Press.

Gockel, A. (2010). The promise of mindfulness for clinical practice education. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 80(2–3), 248–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377311003784184.

Greason, P. B., & Cashwell, C. S. (2009). Mindfulness and counseling self-efficacy: The mediating role of attention and empathy. Counselor Education and Supervision, 49(1), 2–19.

Greason, P. B., & Welfare, L. E. (2013). The impact of mindfulness and meditation practice on client perceptions of common therapeutic factors. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 52(2), 235–253. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1939.2013.00045.x.CrossRef

Grugan, P. K. (2016). The mindfulness practice of clinicians: A systematic review Master’s thesis, California State University. https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/1776157942.html

Hayes, S. C., Hofmann, S. G., Stanton, C. E., Carpenter, J. K., Sanford, B. T., Curtiss, J. E., & Ciarrochi, J. (2019). The role of the individual in the coming era of process-based therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 117, 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2018.10.005.CrossRefPubMed

Hopkins, A., & Proeve, M. (2013). Teaching mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to trainee psychologists: Qualitative and quantitative effects. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 26(2), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2013.792998.

Irving, J. A., Dobkin, P. L., & Park, J. (2009). Cultivating mindfulness in health care professionals: A review of empirical studies of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 15(2), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.01.002.

Ivers, N. N., Johnson, D. A., Clarke, P. B., Newsome, D. W., & Berry, R. A. (2016). The relationship between mindfulness and multicultural counseling competence. Journal of Counseling & Development, 94(1), 72–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12063.CrossRef

Johnson, D. A. (2018). The relationship between state mindfulness and working alliance among counselors-in-training. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 57(1), 31–50. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1002/johc.12065.CrossRef

Johnson, D. A., & Karcher, M. J. (2019). Validity evidence for a state-specific assessment of in-session counselor empathy: The State-Empathic Concern Scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 52(4), 284–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2019.1594914.

Justice, E. (2014). Mindfulness and the therapeutic encounter. Doctoral dissertation, Centerbury Christ Church University. https://create.canterbury.ac.uk/12792/

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg016.

Kabat-Zinn, J., Santorelli, S. F., Meleo-Meyer, F., & Koerbel, L. (2017). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) authorized curriculum guide. University of Massachusetts Medical School. https://www.umassmed.edu/globalassets/center-for-mindfulness/documents/mbsr-curriculum-guide-2017.pdf

Keane, A. (2014). The influence of therapist mindfulness practice on psychotherapeutic work: A mixed-methods study. Mindfulness, 5(6), 689–703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0223-9.

Keefe, T. (1979). The development of empathic skill: A study. Journal of Education for Social Work, 15(2), 30–37.

Konrath, S. H., O’Brien, E. H., & Hsing, C. (2011). Changes in dispositional empathy in American college students over time: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(2), 180–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868310377395.

Krasner, M. S., Epstein, R. M., Beckman, H., Suchman, A. L., Chapman, B., Mooney, C. J., & Quill, T. E. (2009). Association of an educational program in mindful communication with burnout, empathy, and attitudes among primary care physicians. JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association, 302(12), 1284–1293. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1384.CrossRefPubMed

Kreplin, U., Farias, M., & Brazil, I. A. (2018). The limited prosocial effects of meditation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 2403. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20299-z.

Lambert, M. J., & Witold, S. (2008). The therapeutic relationship: Central and essential in psychotherapy outcome. In S. Hick & T. Bien (Eds.), Mindfulness and the therapeutic relationship (pp. 19–34). Guilford Press.

Lamothe, M., Rondeau, É., Malboeuf-Hurtubise, C., Duval, M., & Sultan, S. (2016). Outcomes of MBSR or MBSR-based interventions in health care providers: A systematic review with a focus on empathy and emotional competencies. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 24, 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2015.11.001.

Lau, M. A., Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., Carlson, L., Shapiro, S., Carmody, J., Abbey, S., & Devins, G. (2006). The Toronto Mindfulness Scale: Development and validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(12), 1445–1467. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20326.

Leppma, M., & Young, M. E. (2016). Loving-kindness meditation and empathy: A wellness group intervention for counseling students. Journal of Counseling and Development, 94(3), 297–305. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12086.

Lesh, T. V. (1970). Zen meditation and the development of empathy in counselors. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 10(1), 39–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/002216787001000105.CrossRef

Lomas, T., Medina, J. C., Ivtzan, I., Rupprecht, S., & Eiroa-Orosa, F. J. (2019). Mindfulness-based interventions in the workplace: An inclusive systematic review and meta-analysis of their impact upon wellbeing. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(5), 625–640. psyh. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1519588.

Luberto, C. M., Shinday, N., Song, R., Philpotts, L. L., Park, E. R., Fricchione, G. L., & Yeh, G. Y. (2018). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of meditation on empathy, compassion, and prosocial behaviors. Mindfulness, 9(3), 708–724. mdc. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0841-8.CrossRefPubMed

McConville, J., McAleer, R., & Hahne, A. (2017). Mindfulness training for health profession students—the effect of mindfulness training on psychological well-being, learning and clinical performance of health professional students: A systematic review of randomized and non-randomized controlled trials. Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing, 13(1), 26–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2016.10.002.

Mehrabian, A. (1998). Manual for the balanced emotional empathy scale (BEES).

Mehrabian, A., & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40(4), 525–543. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1972.tb00078.x.CrossRefPubMed

Mills, E. (2010). Effect of mindfulness on empathy of student therapists Master’s thesis. Pacific University.

Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.

Morgan, W. D., & Morgan, S. T. (2005). Cultivating attention and empathy. In C. K. Germer, R. D. Siegel, & P. R. Fulton (Eds.), Mindfulness and psychotherapy (pp. 73–90). Guilford Press.

National Institutes of Health. (n.d.). Quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools

Paro, H. B., Silveira, P. S., Perotta, B., Gannam, S., Enns, S. C., Giaxa, R. R., Bonito, R. F., Martins, M. A., & Tempski, P. Z. (2014). Empathy among medical students: Is there a relation with quality of life and burnout? PLoS One, 9(4), e94133. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094133.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Plummer, M. P. (2008). The impact of therapists’ personal practice of mindfulness meditation on clients’ experience of received empathy. Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology. https://search.proquest.com/docview/304817729

Raab, K. (2014). Mindfulness, self-compassion, and empathy among health care professionals: a review of the literature. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 20(3), 95–108.CrossRefPubMed

Ramaswamy, A. (2018). Cultivating multicultural counseling competence. Doctoral dissertation, University of the Cumberlands. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1892795925

Reniers, R. L. E. P., Corcoran, R., Drake, R., Shryane, N. M., & Völlm, B. A. (2011). The QCAE: A questionnaire of cognitive and affective empathy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(1), 84–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2010.528484.CrossRefPubMed

Rimes, K. A., & Wingrove, J. (2011). Pilot study of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for trainee clinical psychologists. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 39(2), 235–241. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465810000731.CrossRefPubMed

Rissman, L. S. (2016). A program evaluation of the institute for meditation and psychotherapy’s certificate program [doctoral dissertation]. Wright Institute Graduate School of Psychology.

Rogers, C. (1975). Empathic: an unappreciated way of being. The Counseling Psychologist, 5(2), 2–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/001100007500500202.CrossRef

Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Aharon-Peretz, J., & Perry, D. (2009). Two systems for empathy: A double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions. Brain, 132(Pt 3), 617–627. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn279.

Shapiro, S. L., & Izett, C. D. (2008). Meditation: A universal tool for cultivating empathy. In S. Hick & T. Bien (Eds.), Mindfulness and the therapeutic relationship (pp. 161–175). Guilford Press.

Shapiro, S. L., Schwartz, G. E., & Bonner, G. (1998). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on medical and premedical students. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21(6), 581–599. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018700829825.CrossRefPubMed

Shlanger, M. M. (2010). The effect of therapists’ meditation practices on their level of therapeutic empathy and self-efficacy [Doctoral dissertation, Chicago School of Professional Psychology]. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1518024235

Spragg, C. N. (2012). The impact of mindfulness practice on mental health service providers-in-training: An examination of mindfulness, self-awareness, empathy, and burnout [Doctoral dissertation, Auburn University]. https://search.proquest.com/docview/923287047

Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A., & Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(1), 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802484381.

Sterne, J. A. C., Hernán, M. A., Reeves, B. C., Savović, J., Berkman, N. D., Viswanathan, M., Henry, D., Altman, D. G., Ansari, M. T., Boutron, I., Carpenter, J. R., Chan, A.-W., Churchill, R., Deeks, J. J., Hróbjartsson, A., Kirkham, J., Jüni, P., Loke, Y. K., Pigott, T. D., et al. (2016). ROBINS-I: A tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ, 355. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i4919.

Suurmond, R., van Rhee, H., & Hak, T. (2017). Introduction, comparison, and validation of meta-essentials: a free and simple tool for meta-analysis. Research Synthesis Methods, 8(4), 537–553. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1260.

Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z., & Williams, J. M. G. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)E0011-7.CrossRefPubMed

Thomas, J. T. (2011). Intrapsychic predictors of professional quality of life: Mindfulness, empathy, and emotional separation. Doctoral dissertation, University of Kentucky. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/125/

Thomas, J. T., & Otis, M. D. (2010). Intrapsychic correlates of professional quality of life: mindfulness, empathy, and emotional separation. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 1(2), 83–98. https://doi.org/10.5243/jsswr.2010.7.CrossRef

Trowbridge, K., & Mische Lawson, L. (2016). Mindfulness-based interventions with social workers and the potential for enhanced patient-centered care: A systematic review of the literature. Social Work in Health Care, 55(2), 101–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/00981389.2015.1094165.

von Harscher, H., Desmarais, N., Dollinger, R., Grossman, S., & Aldana, S. (2018). The impact of empathy on burnout in medical students: new findings. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 23(3), 295–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2017.1374545.CrossRef

Walsh, R. (2008). Mindfulness and empathy: a hermeneutic circle. In S. Hick & T. Bien (Eds.), Mindfulness and the therapeutic relationship (pp. 72–88). Guildord Press.

Wang, S. J. (2006). Mindfulness meditation: its personal and professional impact on psychotherapists. Doctoral dissertation, Capella University. https://search.proquest.com/docview/250825359

Wolk, G. (2015). Does mindfulness counteract ego-depleted capacity for empathy? Implications for therapists in training. Doctoral dissertation, Chicago School of Professional Psychology. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1610825166

Zanetich, K. (2012). Mindfulness and countertransference management in therapist trainees. Doctoral dissertation, Fordham University. https://search.proquest.com/docview/922281503

Titel: Mindfulness and Empathy Among Counseling and Psychotherapy Professionals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Auteurs: David Cooper
Keong Yap
Maureen O’Brien
India Scott
Publicatiedatum: 08-06-2020
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness / Uitgave 10/2020
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01425-3

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 10/2020

Body-Sweeping, Mindfulness of Breathing, and Non-Grasping

Impact of MindUP Among Young Children: Improvements in Behavioral Problems, Adaptive Skills, and Executive Functioning

Confronting Racism with Mindfulness

Mindfulness Meditation Weakens Attachment to Self: Evidence from a Self vs Other Binding Task

Self-Compassion and Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety in Chinese Cancer Patients: the Mediating Role of Illness Perceptions

Mindfulness and Romantic Relationship Outcomes: the Mediating Role of Conflict Resolution Styles and Closeness