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27-03-2020 | ORIGINAL PAPER

The Cross-cultural Validity of the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire Across 16 Countries

Auteurs: Johannes A. Karl, Silvia Mariela Méndez Prado, Asmir Gračanin, Paul Verhaeghen, Alexandre Ramos, Satchit Prasun Mandal, Johannes Michalak, Chun-Qing Zhang, Carlos Schmidt, Ulrich S. Tran, Elena Druica, Stian Solem, Andreea Astani, Xinghua Liu, Juan V. Luciano, Mladenka Tkalčić, Josefine L. Lilja, Ingrid Dundas, Samuel Y. S. Wong, Ronald Fischer

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 5/2020

Abstract

Objectives

The goal of the current study was to investigate the universality of the five-factor model of mindfulness and the measurement equivalence of the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ).

Methods

The study used FFMQ data from published and unpublished research conducted in 16 countries (total N = 8541). Using CFA, different models, proposed in the literature, were fitted. To test the cross-cultural equivalence of the best fitting model, a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was used. Further, the equivalence of individual facets of the FFMQ and potential sources of non-equivalence was explored.

Results

The best fitting models in most samples were a five-facet model with a higher-order mindfulness factor and uncorrelated positive and negative item-wording factors and a five-facet model with a correlated facets and uncorrelated positive and negative item-wording factors. These models showed structural equivalence, but did not show metric equivalence (equivalent factor loadings) across cultures. Given this lack of equivalent factor loadings, not even correlations or mean patterns can be compared across cultures. A similar pattern was observed when testing the equivalence of the individual facets; all individual facets failed even tests of metric equivalence. A sample size weighted exploratory factor analysis across cultures indicated that a six-factor solution might provide the best fit across cultures with acting with awareness split into two factors. Finally, both the five- and six-factor solution showed substantially better fit in more individualistic and less tight cultures.

Conclusions

Overall, the FFMQ has conceptual and measurement problems in a cross-cultural context, raising questions about the validity of the current conceptualization of mindfulness across cultures. The results showed that the fit of the FFMQ was substantially better in individualistic cultures that indicate that further data from non-Western cultures is needed to develop a universal conceptualization and measurement of mindfulness.

vorige artikel Familiarity, Attitudes, and Self-Regulatory Challenges Related to Mindfulness

volgende artikel Promotion of Well-Being by Raising the Awareness on the Interdependent Nature of All Matters: Development and Validation of the Interconnectedness Scale

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Titel: The Cross-cultural Validity of the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire Across 16 Countries
Auteurs: Johannes A. Karl
Silvia Mariela Méndez Prado
Asmir Gračanin
Paul Verhaeghen
Alexandre Ramos
Satchit Prasun Mandal
Johannes Michalak
Chun-Qing Zhang
Carlos Schmidt
Ulrich S. Tran
Elena Druica
Stian Solem
Andreea Astani
Xinghua Liu
Juan V. Luciano
Mladenka Tkalčić
Josefine L. Lilja
Ingrid Dundas
Samuel Y. S. Wong
Ronald Fischer
Publicatiedatum: 27-03-2020
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness / Uitgave 5/2020
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01333-6

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Abstract

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

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