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Experienced Meditators Exhibit No Differences to Demographically Matched Controls in Theta Phase Synchronization, P200, or P300 During an Auditory Oddball Task

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Abstract

Objectives

Long-term meditation practice affects the brain’s ability to sustain attention. However, how this occurs is not well understood. Electroencephalography (EEG) studies have found that during dichotic oddball listening tasks, experienced meditators displayed altered attention-related neural markers including theta phase synchronization (TPS) and event-related potentials (ERP; P200 and P300) to target tones while meditating compared to resting, and compared to non-meditators after intensive meditation interventions. Research is yet to establish whether the changes in the aforementioned neural markers are trait changes which may be observable in meditators irrespective of practice setting.

Methods

The present study expanded on previous research by comparing EEG measures from a dichotic oddball task in a sample of community-based mindfulness meditators (n = 22) to healthy controls with no meditation experience (n = 22). To minimize state effects, neither group practiced meditation during/immediately prior to the EEG session.

Results

No group differences were observed in behavioural performance or either the global amplitude or distribution of theta phase synchronization, P200 or P300. Bayes factor analysis suggested evidence against group differences for the P200 and P300.

Conclusions

The results suggest that increased P200, P300, and TPS do not reflect trait-related changes in a community sample of mindfulness meditators. The present study used a larger sample size than previous research and power analyses suggested the study was sufficiently powered to detect differences. These results add nuance to our understanding of which processes are affected by meditation and the amount of meditation required to generate differences in specific neural processes.

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Data Availability

Participant self-report, behavioural, and EEG data are available at the Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/APHLM1).

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Funding

The study was funded by an Alfred Research Trust Small Grant Scheme (T11801). PBF is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Practitioner Fellowship (6069070).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Level 4, 607 St Kilda Road, Prahran, VIC, 3004, Australia

    Jake Robert Payne, Oliver Baell, Harry Geddes, Bernadette Fitzgibbon, Melanie Emonson, Gregory Humble & Paul B. Fitzgerald

  2. Epworth Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia

    Bernadette Fitzgibbon, Melanie Emonson, Gregory Humble, Paul B. Fitzgerald & Neil W. Bailey

  3. Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia

    Aron T. Hill & Nicholas T. Van Dam

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  1. Jake Robert Payne
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Contributions

JRP performed the data collection and data analysis, and wrote the paper. HG performed data collection. OB performed data collection and assisted with editing the final manuscript. BF, ME, ATH, NVD, GH, and PBF had input into study design, supported data collection or analysis, and had intellectual input and editing input into the final manuscript. NWB designed and oversaw the study and provided technical expertise and training in data analysis as well as with writing the paper.

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Correspondence to Jake Robert Payne.

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Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in the study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of both The Alfred Hospital and Monash University ethical research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments.

Conflict of Interest

PBF has received equipment for research from MagVenture A/S, Medtronic Ltd., Cervel Neurotech, and Brainsway Ltd. and funding for research from Neuronetics and Cervel Neurotech. PBF is on the scientific advisory board for Bionomics Ltd. The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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Payne, J.R., Baell, O., Geddes, H. et al. Experienced Meditators Exhibit No Differences to Demographically Matched Controls in Theta Phase Synchronization, P200, or P300 During an Auditory Oddball Task. Mindfulness 11, 643–659 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01287-4

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