Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness 6/2017

23-05-2017 | ORIGINAL PAPER

Emotional Understanding: Examining Alexithymia as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Mindfulness and Empathy

Auteurs: Helen Z. MacDonald, Jennifer L. Price

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 6/2017

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

The positive mental health correlates of mindfulness have become increasingly well-established. Recent literature has documented an association between the present-moment awareness and attention that is characteristic of mindfulness, and the capacity to adopt the emotions, cognitions, and perspectives of another individual, as displayed in empathy. The mechanisms underlying this relationship, however, are still poorly understood. This study aimed to examine alexithymia—or the difficulty identifying, labeling, understanding, and processing one’s own emotions—as a mediator of the relationship between five facets of dispositional mindfulness (i.e., observing, describing, acting with awareness, nonjudging, and nonreacting) and empathy in a sample of 616 undergraduate college students. Results revealed that alexithymia mediated the relationships between the describing and acting with awareness domains of mindfulness and cognitive empathy, while accounting for the effects of the other mindfulness subscales and participant sex. These findings suggest that the relationship between specific mindfulness skills and greater understanding of another individual’s emotional and cognitive experiences may be explained in part by one’s emotional self-awareness.
Literatuur
go back to reference Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., et al. (2008). Construct validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15(3), 329–342. doi:10.1177/1073191107313003.CrossRefPubMed Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., et al. (2008). Construct validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15(3), 329–342. doi:10.​1177/​1073191107313003​.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bird, G., Silani, G., Brindley, R., White, S., Frith, U., & Singer, T. (2010). Empathic brain responses in insula are modulated by levels of alexithymia but not autism. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 133(5), 1515–1525. doi:10.1093/brain/awq060.CrossRef Bird, G., Silani, G., Brindley, R., White, S., Frith, U., & Singer, T. (2010). Empathic brain responses in insula are modulated by levels of alexithymia but not autism. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 133(5), 1515–1525. doi:10.​1093/​brain/​awq060.CrossRef
go back to reference Birnie, K., Speca, M., & Carlson, L. E. (2010). Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 26(5), 359–371. doi:10.1002/smi.1305.CrossRef Birnie, K., Speca, M., & Carlson, L. E. (2010). Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 26(5), 359–371. doi:10.​1002/​smi.​1305.CrossRef
go back to reference Block-Lerner, J., Adair, C., Plumb, J. C., Rhatigan, D. L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2007). The case for mindfulness-based approaches in the cultivation of empathy: does nonjudgmental, present-moment awareness increase capacity for perspective-taking and empathic concern? Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 33(4), 501–516. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2007.00034.x.CrossRefPubMed Block-Lerner, J., Adair, C., Plumb, J. C., Rhatigan, D. L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2007). The case for mindfulness-based approaches in the cultivation of empathy: does nonjudgmental, present-moment awareness increase capacity for perspective-taking and empathic concern? Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 33(4), 501–516. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1752-0606.​2007.​00034.​x.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Cash, M., & Whittingham, K. (2010). What facets of mindfulness contribute to psychological well-being and depressive, anxious, and stress-related symptomatology? Mindfulness, 1(3), 177–182. doi:10.1007/s12671-010-0023-4.CrossRef Cash, M., & Whittingham, K. (2010). What facets of mindfulness contribute to psychological well-being and depressive, anxious, and stress-related symptomatology? Mindfulness, 1(3), 177–182. doi:10.​1007/​s12671-010-0023-4.CrossRef
go back to reference Coffey, K. A., Hartman, M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). Deconstructing mindfulness and constructing mental health: understanding mindfulness and its mechanisms of action. Mindfulness, 1(4), 235–253. doi:10.1007/s12671-010-0033-2.CrossRef Coffey, K. A., Hartman, M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). Deconstructing mindfulness and constructing mental health: understanding mindfulness and its mechanisms of action. Mindfulness, 1(4), 235–253. doi:10.​1007/​s12671-010-0033-2.CrossRef
go back to reference Davis, M. H. (1996). Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach. Boulder: Westview Press. Davis, M. H. (1996). Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach. Boulder: Westview Press.
go back to reference de Bruin, E. I., Topper, M., Muskens, J. G., Bögels, S. M., & Kamphuis, J. H. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) in a meditating and a non-meditating sample. Assessment, 19(2), 187–197. doi:10.1177/1073191112446654.CrossRefPubMed de Bruin, E. I., Topper, M., Muskens, J. G., Bögels, S. M., & Kamphuis, J. H. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) in a meditating and a non-meditating sample. Assessment, 19(2), 187–197. doi:10.​1177/​1073191112446654​.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Fulton, C. L., & Cashwell, C. S. (2015). Mindfulness-based awareness and compassion: predictors of counselor empathy and anxiety. Counselor Education and Supervision, 54(2), 122–133. doi:10.1002/ceas.12009.CrossRef Fulton, C. L., & Cashwell, C. S. (2015). Mindfulness-based awareness and compassion: predictors of counselor empathy and anxiety. Counselor Education and Supervision, 54(2), 122–133. doi:10.​1002/​ceas.​12009.CrossRef
go back to reference Galantino, M. L., Baime, M., Maguire, M., Szapary, P. O., & Farrar, J. T. (2005). Association of psychological and physiological measures of stress in health-care professionals during an 8-week mindfulness meditation program: mindfulness in practice. Stress and Health, 21, 255–261. doi:10.1002/smi.1062.CrossRef Galantino, M. L., Baime, M., Maguire, M., Szapary, P. O., & Farrar, J. T. (2005). Association of psychological and physiological measures of stress in health-care professionals during an 8-week mindfulness meditation program: mindfulness in practice. Stress and Health, 21, 255–261. doi:10.​1002/​smi.​1062.CrossRef
go back to reference Gallup, G. J., & Platek, S. M. (2002). Cognitive empathy presupposes self-awareness: evidence from phylogeny, ontogeny, neuropsychology, and mental illness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(1), 36–37. doi:10.1017/S0140525X02380014. Gallup, G. J., & Platek, S. M. (2002). Cognitive empathy presupposes self-awareness: evidence from phylogeny, ontogeny, neuropsychology, and mental illness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(1), 36–37. doi:10.​1017/​S0140525X0238001​4.
go back to reference Garland, E. L., Fredrickson, B., Kring, A. M., Johnson, D. P., Meyer, P. S., & Penn, D. L. (2010). Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 849–864. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.002.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Garland, E. L., Fredrickson, B., Kring, A. M., Johnson, D. P., Meyer, P. S., & Penn, D. L. (2010). Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 849–864. doi:10.​1016/​j.​cpr.​2010.​03.​002.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Gibbons, L., Chotai, S., Duarte, J., & Matos, M. (2012). Fears of compassion and happiness in relation to alexithymia, mindfulness, and self-criticism. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 85(4), 374–390. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.2011.02046.x.CrossRef Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Gibbons, L., Chotai, S., Duarte, J., & Matos, M. (2012). Fears of compassion and happiness in relation to alexithymia, mindfulness, and self-criticism. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 85(4), 374–390. doi:10.​1111/​j.​2044-8341.​2011.​02046.​x.CrossRef
go back to reference Goldman, A. I. (2006). Simulating Minds: The Philosophy, Psychology, and Neuroscience of Mindreading. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Goldman, A. I. (2006). Simulating Minds: The Philosophy, Psychology, and Neuroscience of Mindreading. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011). How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 537–559. doi:10.1177/1745691611419671.CrossRefPubMed Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011). How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 537–559. doi:10.​1177/​1745691611419671​.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Jonason, P. K., & Krause, L. (2013). The emotional deficits associated with the Dark Triad traits: cognitive empathy, affective empathy, and alexithymia. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(5), 532–537. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.04.027.CrossRef Jonason, P. K., & Krause, L. (2013). The emotional deficits associated with the Dark Triad traits: cognitive empathy, affective empathy, and alexithymia. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(5), 532–537. doi:10.​1016/​j.​paid.​2013.​04.​027.CrossRef
go back to reference Kooiman, C. G., Spinhoven, P., & Trijsburg, R. W. (2002). The assessment of alexithymia. A critical review of the literature and a psychometric study of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 1083–1090. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00348-3.CrossRefPubMed Kooiman, C. G., Spinhoven, P., & Trijsburg, R. W. (2002). The assessment of alexithymia. A critical review of the literature and a psychometric study of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 1083–1090. doi:10.​1016/​S0022-3999(02)00348-3.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Lau, M. A., Bishop, Z. V., Segal, T., Buis, N. D., Anderson, L., Carlson, L., et al. (2006). The Toronto Mindfulness Scale: development and validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(12), 1445–1467. doi:10.1002/jclp.20326.CrossRefPubMed Lau, M. A., Bishop, Z. V., Segal, T., Buis, N. D., Anderson, L., Carlson, L., et al. (2006). The Toronto Mindfulness Scale: development and validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(12), 1445–1467. doi:10.​1002/​jclp.​20326.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Luberto, C. M., Cotton, S., McLeish, A. C., Mingione, C. J., & O’Bryan, E. M. (2013). Mindfulness skills and emotion regulation: the mediating role of coping self-efficacy. Mindfulness, 5, 373–380. doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0190-6.CrossRef Luberto, C. M., Cotton, S., McLeish, A. C., Mingione, C. J., & O’Bryan, E. M. (2013). Mindfulness skills and emotion regulation: the mediating role of coping self-efficacy. Mindfulness, 5, 373–380. doi:10.​1007/​s12671-012-0190-6.CrossRef
go back to reference McDonald, H. M., Sherman, K. A., Petocz, P., Kangas, M., Grant, K., & Kasparian, N. A. (2016). Mindfulness and the experience of psychological distress: the mediating effects of emotion regulation and attachment anxiety. Mindfulness, 7(4), 799–808. doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0517-9.CrossRef McDonald, H. M., Sherman, K. A., Petocz, P., Kangas, M., Grant, K., & Kasparian, N. A. (2016). Mindfulness and the experience of psychological distress: the mediating effects of emotion regulation and attachment anxiety. Mindfulness, 7(4), 799–808. doi:10.​1007/​s12671-016-0517-9.CrossRef
go back to reference New, A. S., Rot, M. H., Ripoll, L. H., Perez-Rodriguez, M. M., Lazarus, S., Zipursky, E., et al. (2012). Empathy and alexithymia in borderline personality disorder: clinical and laboratory measures. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26(5), 660–675. doi:10.1521/pedi.2012.26.5.660.CrossRefPubMed New, A. S., Rot, M. H., Ripoll, L. H., Perez-Rodriguez, M. M., Lazarus, S., Zipursky, E., et al. (2012). Empathy and alexithymia in borderline personality disorder: clinical and laboratory measures. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26(5), 660–675. doi:10.​1521/​pedi.​2012.​26.​5.​660.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Park, T., Reilly-Spong, M., & Gross, C. R. (2013). Mindfulness: a systematic review of instruments to measure an emergent patient-reported outcome (PRO). Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care & Rehabilitation, 22(10), 2639–2659. doi:10.1007/s11136-013-0395-8.CrossRef Park, T., Reilly-Spong, M., & Gross, C. R. (2013). Mindfulness: a systematic review of instruments to measure an emergent patient-reported outcome (PRO). Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care & Rehabilitation, 22(10), 2639–2659. doi:10.​1007/​s11136-013-0395-8.CrossRef
go back to reference Pepping, C. A., Davis, P. J., & O’Donovan, A. (2013). Individual differences in attachment and dispositional mindfulness: the mediating role of emotion regulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(3), 453–456. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.006.CrossRef Pepping, C. A., Davis, P. J., & O’Donovan, A. (2013). Individual differences in attachment and dispositional mindfulness: the mediating role of emotion regulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(3), 453–456. doi:10.​1016/​j.​paid.​2012.​10.​006.CrossRef
go back to reference Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 36(4), 717–731. doi:10.3758/BF03206553.CrossRef Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 36(4), 717–731. doi:10.​3758/​BF03206553.CrossRef
go back to reference Santarnecchi, E., D’Arista, S., Egiziano, E., Gardi, C., Petrosino, R., Vatti, G., et al. (2014). Interaction between neuroanatomical and psychological changes after mindfulness-based training. PloS One, 9(10), e108359.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Santarnecchi, E., D’Arista, S., Egiziano, E., Gardi, C., Petrosino, R., Vatti, G., et al. (2014). Interaction between neuroanatomical and psychological changes after mindfulness-based training. PloS One, 9(10), e108359.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W., Thoresen, C., & Plante, T. G. (2011). The moderation of mindfulness-based stress reduction effects by trait mindfulness: results from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(3), 267–277. doi:10.1002/jclp.20761.CrossRefPubMed Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W., Thoresen, C., & Plante, T. G. (2011). The moderation of mindfulness-based stress reduction effects by trait mindfulness: results from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(3), 267–277. doi:10.​1002/​jclp.​20761.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics. Boston: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics. Boston: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education.
go back to reference Tran, U. S., Glück, T. M., & Nader, I. W. (2013). Investigating the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ): Construction of a short form and evidence of a two-factor higher order structure of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(9), 951–965. doi:10.1002/jclp.21996.CrossRefPubMed Tran, U. S., Glück, T. M., & Nader, I. W. (2013). Investigating the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ): Construction of a short form and evidence of a two-factor higher order structure of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(9), 951–965. doi:10.​1002/​jclp.​21996.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Trent, N. L., Park, C., Bercovitz, K., & Chapman, I. M. (2016). Trait socio-cognitive mindfulness is related to affective and cognitive empathy. Journal of Adult Development, 23(1), 62–67. doi:10.1007/s10804-015-9225-2.CrossRef Trent, N. L., Park, C., Bercovitz, K., & Chapman, I. M. (2016). Trait socio-cognitive mindfulness is related to affective and cognitive empathy. Journal of Adult Development, 23(1), 62–67. doi:10.​1007/​s10804-015-9225-2.CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Emotional Understanding: Examining Alexithymia as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Mindfulness and Empathy
Auteurs
Helen Z. MacDonald
Jennifer L. Price
Publicatiedatum
23-05-2017
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Mindfulness / Uitgave 6/2017
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0739-5

Andere artikelen Uitgave 6/2017

Mindfulness 6/2017 Naar de uitgave