Skip to main content
Log in

Relationship between Attachment Security and Rejection Sensitivity in Early Adolescence

  • Research in Progress
  • Published:
Psychological Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Rejection sensitivity (RS) is the disposition to defensively expect, perceive and over-react to perceived rejection by others. RS has been theorized to originate from early attachment. However, this hypothesized link remains untested. This study aims to examine the relationship between attachment security and rejection sensitivity in early adolescence. Eight-graders (N = 406) completed self-report measures of attachment security and rejection sensitivity. Attachment security to father and mother were found to be associated. Attachment dimensions-trust and alienation from mother were significant predictors of RS in the adolescents. Alienation from mother mediated the link between alienation from father and RS in the adolescents. The two forms of RS- anxious RS and angry RS were predicted by different dimensions of attachment to mother.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allen, J. P., Moore, C., Kuperminc, G., & Bell, K. (1998). Attachment and adolescent psychosocial functioning. Child Development, 69, 1406–1416.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Relationships to well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(5), 427–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1998). The inventory of parent and peer attachment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(5), 427–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aseltine, R. H., Jr. (1995). A reconsideration of parental and peer influences on adolescent deviance. Journal of Health Social Behavior, 36(2), 103–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R., & Leary, M. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss, sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical implications of attachment theory. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chekki, D. A. (1988). Recent directions in family research: India and North America. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 19, 171–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chitra, S. (2002). Caretaker interaction and socio-emotional behavior in early childhood. In A. Shah & K. Rao (Eds.), 2007, Psychological research in mental health & neuro sciences (pp. 1957–2007). Bangalore: NIMAHNS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhruvarajan, V. (1990). Religious ideology, Hindu women and development in India. Journal of Social Issues, 46, 57–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downey, G. (1998). Rejection sensitivity and children’s interpersonal difficulties. Child Development, 69(4), 1074–1091.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Downey, G., & Feldman, S. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1327–1343.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Downey, G., Feldman, S., Khuri, J., & Friedman, S. (1994). Maltreatment and child depression. In W. M. Reynolds & H. E. Johnson (Eds.), Handbook of depression in childhood and adolescence (pp. 481–508). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engels, R. C. M. E., Finkenauer, C., Meeus, W., & Dekovic, M. (2001). Parental attachment and adolescents’ emotional adjustment: The associations with social skills and relational competence. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 428–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, E. (1950). Childhood and Society. New York: Norton.

  • Erozkan, A. (2004). Rejection, vulnerability, cognitive appraisal and coping in romantic relationships. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Institute of Social Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.

  • Feldman, S., & Downey, G. (1994). Rejection sensitivity as a mediator of the impact of childhood exposure to family violence on adult attachment behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 231–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, N. A., Kimmerly, N. L., & Schafer, W. D. (1991). Attachment to mother/attachment to father: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 62, 210–222.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Havinghurst, R.J. (1953). Human development and education. Cited from Lieberman M. Doyle AB, Markiewiez D (1999). Developmental pattern in security of attachment to mother and father in late childhood and early adolescence. Child Development, 70(1) 202–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Homey, K. (1937). The neurotic personality of our time. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kakar, S. (1992). The inner world. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kayastha, P., Hirisave, U., Natarajan, G., & Goyal, G. (2010). Security of attachment in children and adolescents—An Indian experience. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 3, 173–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerns, K. A., & Stevens, A. C. (1997). Parent-Child attachment in the late adolescence: Links to social relations and personality. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25, 323–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerns, K. A., Tomich, P. L., Aspelmeier, J. E., & Contreras, J. M. (2000). Attachment based assessment of parent–child relationships in middle childhood. Developmental Psychology, 36(5), 614–626.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kobak, R. R., & Sceery, A. (1988). Attachment in late adolescence: Working models, affect regulation, representations of self and others. Child Develpoment, 59, 135–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz, S. N. (1992). All the mothers are one: Hindu India and the cultural reshaping of psychoanalysis. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, M., Doyle, A. B., & Markiewiez, D. (1999). Developmental pattern in security of attachment to mother and father in late childhood and early adolescence. Child Development, 70(1), 202–213.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • London, B., Downey, G., Bonica, C., & Paltin, I. (2007). Social causes and consequences of rejection sensitivity in adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence.

  • Maslow, A. (1987). Motivation and personality (3rd ed.). New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, D. C. (1987). Human motivation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narayanan G, Rao K, Kapur M. (2002). Attachment styles, personality and coping in young adults. M. Phil (Clinical Psychology) Dissertation, Bangalore: National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences.

  • Natarajan,G., Downey,G., Sundaram, K.R., Somasumdaram, C.P., Reddy, K.S & Rainer Romero-Canyas, R. (2010). Rejection sensitivity mediates the link between attachment insecurity and maladjustment in early adolescence. Poster presented at the Annual Conference of Association of Psychological Studies, Boston.

  • Nithya Poornima, M., Chitra, S., & Hirisave, U. (2005). Attachment, temperament and social behavior in early childhood. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32, 91–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papini, R. (1991). Early adolescent perceptions of attachment to mother and father. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(258–275).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships, as developed in the client-centered framework. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology. A study of a science, vol. 3 (pp. 184–226). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roopnarine, J. L., & Hossain, Z. (1992). Parent-child interactions in urban Indian families in New Delhi: Are they changing? In J. L. Roopnarine & D. B. Carter (Eds.), Parent-child socialization in diverse cultures (pp. 1–16). Norwood: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roopnarine, J. L., & Suppal, P. (2000). Kakar’s psychoanalytic interpretation of Indian cildhood: The need emphasize the father and multiple caregivers in the socialization equation. International Journal of Group Tensions, 29(3/4), 349–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, D. (1998). Child care in India: A comparative view of infant social environments. In D. Sharma & K. Fischer (Eds.), Socioemotional development across cultures. New directions in child development (pp. 45–67). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shek, D. T., Lee, B. M., Lee, T. Y., & Lam, C. M. (2006). Frequency, satisfaction and quality dimensions of perceived parent-adolescent communication among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 18(2), 259–270.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla, A. (1987). Decision making in single- and dual-career families in India. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 49, 621–629.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C., & Krohn, M. D. (1995). Delinquency and family life among male adolescents: The role of ethnicity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24, 69–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steele, M., Steele, H., & Fonagy, P. (1996). Associations amongst attachment classifications of mothers, fathers and their infants. Child Development, 67, 541–555.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, H. S. (1937). A note on the implications of psychiatry, the study of interpersonal relations, for investigation in the social sciences. The American Journal of Sociology, 43, 157–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suppal, P., Roopnarine, J. L., Buesig, T., & Bennett, A. (1996). Ideological beliefs about family practices: Contemporary perspectives among north Indian families. International Journal of Psychology, 31, 29–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vishwanatha, K., & Hirisave, U. (2008). Attachment and psychopathology in children with emotional disorders. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 75(4), 395–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahn-Waxler, C. (2000). The development of empathy, guilt, and internalization of distress. In R. Davidson (Ed.), Wisconsin symposium on emotion: Vol. I. Anxiety, depression, and emotion (pp. 222–265). New York: Oxford University Press.

Download references

Acknowledgment

The authors thank Prof. Geraldine Downey, Rainer Romero-Canyas, and Kavita Reddy for their valuable inputs on rejection sensitivity, when the first author was a Fulbright fellow at the Social Relations Lab, Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, USA.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gitanjali Natarajan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Natarajan, G., Somasundaram, C.P. & Sundaram, K.R. Relationship between Attachment Security and Rejection Sensitivity in Early Adolescence. Psychol Stud 56, 378–386 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-011-0108-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-011-0108-8

Keywords

Navigation