Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Self, social identity and psychological well-being

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Psychological Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Self and social identity are key elements in the understanding of a person’s strivings for health and well-being. This review (i) examines the concepts of self, social identity, and psychological well-being; (ii) integrates empirical evidence that relates various self-aspects or social identities to psychological well-being; (iii) analyzes within a stress and coping framework the well-being consequences of socially devalued self or threatened identities, perceived discriminations, challenges of acculturation and identity management; and (iv) delineates the role of self, social identity and related psycho-social variables as moderators and mediators in pathways leading to psychological well-being. Besides listing some methodological issues and empirical deficits, major concerns for future research are also identified. An explicit self and social identity perspective of this research synthesis brings personal and social aspects together, and this interface offers exciting opportunities for research advancement.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahren C & Ryff C (2006). Multiple roles and well-being: Socio-demographic and psychological moderators. Sex Roles, 55:801–815.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander MJ & Higgins ET (1993). Emotional trade-offs of becoming a parent: How social roles influence self-discrepancy effects? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65:1257–1269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amiot CE, Sablonniere R, Terry DJ & Smith JR (2007). Integration of social identities in the self: Towards a cognitive development model. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11:364–388.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armenta BE & Hunt JS (2009). Responding to social devaluation: Effects of perceived personal and group discrimination on the ethnic group identification and personal self-esteem of Latino adolescents. Group Processes and Inter-group Relations, 12:23–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashmore RD & Contrada RJ (1999). Conclusion: Self, social identity and the analysis of social and behavioural aspects of physical health and disease. In RJ Contrada & RD Ashmore (Eds.), Self, social identity, and physical health: Interdisciplinary explorations (vol 2 pp 240–255). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashmore RD & Jussim L (1997). Toward a second century of the scientific analysis of self and identity. In RD Ashmore & L Jussim (Eds.), Self and identity: Fundamental issues (vol 1 pp 3–19). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister RF (1998). The self: In DT Gilbert, ST Fiske & G Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology ((4th ed., pp 680–740). New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benet-Martinez B & Karkitapoglu-Aygum Z (2003). The interplay of cultural syndromes and personality in predicting life satisfaction: Comparing Asian — Americans and European-Americans. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34:38–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benet-Martinez B, Leu J, Lee F & Morris MW (2002). Negotiating biculturalism: Culture frame switching in biculturals with oppositional versus compatible cultural identities. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33:492–516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernet CZ, Ingram RE & Johnson BR (1993). Self-esteem. In CG Castello (Ed.), Symptoms of depression (pp 141–159). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry JW (2008). Globalization and acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32:328–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bizumic B, Reynold KJ, Turner JC, Bromhead D & Subasic E (2009). The role of the group in individual functioning: School identification and the psychological well-being of staff and students. Applied Psychology, 58:171–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boldero JM, Moretti MM, Bell RC & Francis JJ (2005). Self-discrepancies and negative affect: A primer on when to look for specificity and how to find it. Australian Journal of Psychology, 57:139–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breakwell GM (1986). Coping with threatened identities. London: Metheun.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brook AT, Garcia J & Fleming M (2008). The effects of multiple identities on psychological well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34:1588–1600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burke PJ (2004). Identities and social structure: The 2003 Cooley-Mead Address. Social Psychology Quarterly, 65:5–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Callero PL (2003). The sociology of self. Annual Review of Sociology, 29:115–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron JE, Duck JM, Terry DJ & Lalonde RH (2005). Perceptions of self and group in the context of national identity: A field study. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 8:73–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell JD (1990). Self-esteem and clarity of the self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Relations, 59:538–549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell JD, Assanand S & Di Paula A (2003). The structure of self-concept and its correlates to psychological adjustment. Journal of Personality, 71:115–140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborti AK, Chowdhury AN, Weiss MG & Ditta SL (1999). Physical and mental community health: What are the obsta-cles? Indian Journal of Public Health, 43:101–105.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charmaz K (1999). From the ’sick role’ to the stories of self. In RJ Contrada & RD Ashmore (Eds.), Self, social identity and physical health: Interdisciplinary explorations (vol 2 pp 209–239). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cisio AM (2008). Ethnic identity and self-esteem. Hispanic Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 30:230–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coldwell-Harris CL & Aycicegi A (2006). When personality and culture clash: The psychological distress of allocentrics in an individualistic culture and idiocentrics in a collectivistic culture. Transcultural Psychiatry, 43:331–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cossidy T (2008). Bullying and victimization in school children: The role of social identity, problem-solving style, and family and school context. Social Psychology of Education, 12:63–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deo P & Sharma S (1970a). Self-ideal discrepancy and school achievement. Adolescence, 5:353–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deo P & Sharma S (1970 ). Self-concept and school achievement. Indian Educational Review, 5:100–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deo P & Sharma S (1971). Relationship of self-acceptance and anxiety. Journal of Psychological Researches, 15:63–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhawan N, Rosenman IJ, Naidu RK, Thapa K & Rettek SI (1995). Self-concept across two cultures: India and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26:606–621.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickerson SS, Gruenwald TL & Kemney M (2009). Psychobiological responses to social self threat: Functional or detrimental. Self and Identity, 8:270–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards LM & Romero AJ (2008). Coping with discrimination among mexican descent adolescents, Hispanic Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 30, 24–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eilam G & Shamir B (2005). Organizational change and self-concept threats. The Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 41:339–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellemers N, Spears R & Doosje B (2002). Self and social identity. Annual Review of Psychology, 53:161–186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erikson EH (1968). Identity, youth and crisis: New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson RJ & Ritter C (2001). Emotional labour, burnout and inauthenticity: Does gender matter? Social Psychology Quarterly, 64:146–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin-Jackson D & Carter RT (2007). The relationship between race-related stress, racial identity and mental health of Black Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 33:5–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel S, Renaud JM & Tippin B (2007). When I think of you, I feel more confident about me: The relational self and self-confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 43:772–779.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield EA & Marks NF (2007). Religious social identity as an explanatory factor for association between more frequent religious participation and psychological well-being. International Journal of Psychology of Religion, 17:245–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald AC & Farnham SD (2000). Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79:1022–1038.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haaga DA, Dyck MI & Ernst D (1991). Empirical status of cognitive theory of depression. Psychological Bulletin, 110:215–236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hafdahl AR, Panter AT, Gramzow RH, Sedikides C & Insko CA (2000). Free response self-discrepancies across, among, and with FFM personality dimensions. Journal of Personality, 68:111–151.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagtvet KA & Sharma S (1995). The distinction between self-and-other related failure outcomes expectancies: An internal domain study of Indian and Norwegian students. In A Oosterwegel & RA Wicklund (Eds.), The self in Eureopean and North American culture: Development and processes (pp 239–255). London: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagtvet KA, Maan F & Sharma S (2001). Generalizability of self-related cognitions in test anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 31:1147–1171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harb C & Smith PB (2008). Self-construals across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39:178–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardie E, Kashima E & Pridmore P (2005). The influence of relational, individual and collective self-aspects on stress, uplifts and health. Self and Identity, 4:1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart S, Field NP, Garfinkle JR & Singer JL (1997). Representation Personality, 65:77–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haslam SA & Reicher SD (2006). Stressing the group social identity and the unfolding dynamics of self. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91:1037–1052.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haslam SA, Jetten J, Postmes T & Haslam C (2009). Social identity, health and well-being: An emerging agenda for applied psychology. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 58:1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haslam SA, O’Brein A, Jetten J, Vormedal K & Penna S (2005). Taking the strain: Social Identity, social support and the experience of stress. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44:355–370.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Helode RD (2000). A study of stress coping among the entrepreneurs. Bombay Psychologist, 17:24–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heppen JA & Ogilivie DM (2003). Predicting effect of global discrepancies: The dual role of the undesired self. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22:347–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins ET (1987). Self-discrepancy theory: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94:319–340.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins ET (1999). When do self-discrepancies have specific relations to emotions? the second-generation question of Tangry, Niedenthal, Covert, and Barlow (1998). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77:1313–1317.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins ET (2005). Value from a regulatory fit. Current Directions of Psychological Science, 14:209–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hogg MA & Abrahams D (1998). The social identity approach: Context and content. In MA Hogg & D Abrahams (Eds.), Social identification: A social psychology of intergroup relations and group processes. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchison P, Jetten J, Christian J & Hayecraft E (2006). Protecting threatened identity: Sticking with the group by emphasizing in-group heterogeneity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32:1620–1632.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iyer A, Jetten J & Tsivrikos D (2008). Torn between identities: Predictors of adjustment to identity change. In F Sani (Ed.), Self-continuity: Individual and collective perspectives (pp 187–197). New York: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson L, Tudway JA, Giles D & Smith J (2009). An exploration of social identity of mental health inpatients services users. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 16:167–176.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • James K (1997). Worker social identity and health-related costs for organizations: A comparative study between ethnic groups. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2:108–117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • James W (1890). The principles of psychology. New York. Holt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kan C, Karasawa N & Kitayama S (2009). Minimalist in style: Self, identity and well-being in Japan. Self and Identity, 8:300–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kasser T & Sheldon K (2004). Non-becoming, alienated becoming, and authentic becoming: A goal-based oriented approach. In J Greenberg, SL Koole & T Pyszczznski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Key DE, Mannella M, Thomas AM & Gilroy FD (2000). An evaluation of Higgin’s self-discrepancy theory and an instrument to test its postulates. Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality, 15:303–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kifer RA (2008). An integrative view of the concept of well-being. Holistic Nursing Practice, 22:244–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiran Kumar SK (2006). Happiness and well-being in Indian tradition. Psychological Studies, 51:105–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirmayer LJ, Brass GM & Tait CL (2002). The mental health of aboriginal peoples: Transformations of identity and community. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 45:606–616.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwan VSK, Kuang LL & Hui HNN (2009). Identifying the sources of self-esteem: The mixed medley of benevolence, merit and bias. Self and Identity, 8:176–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laar CV, Levin S & Sinclair S (2008). Social identity and personal identity stereotype threat: The case of affirmative action. Basic and Applied Psychology, 30:295–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leary MR, Haupt AL, Strausser KS & Chokel JT (1998). Calibrating the scoiometer: The relationship between interpersonal appraisal and the state self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74:1290–1299.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee RM & Robbins SB (1998). The relationship between social connectedness, anxiety, self-esteem, and social identity. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 45:338–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal H, Idler EJ & Leventhal EA (1999). The impact of chronic illness on the self systems. In RJ Contrada & RD Ashmore (Eds.), Self, social identity and physical health: Interdisciplinary explorations (vol 2 pp 185–208). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linley A & Joseph S (2004). Applied positive psychology: A new perspective for professional practice. In A Linley & S Joseph (Eds.), Positive psychology in practice. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linville PW (1987). Self complexity as a cognitive buffer against stress-related illness and depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52:663–676.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu L (2008). Culture, self and subjective well-being: Cultural, psychological and social change perspectives. Psychologia, 51:290–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcussen K (2006). Identities, self-esteem and psychological distress: An application of identity — discrepancy theory. Sociological Perspectives, 49:1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markus H & Wurf E (1987). The dynamic self-concept: A social psychological perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 38:299–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mascolo MF, Misra G & Rapisardi C (2004). Individual and relational conceptions of self in India and the United States. Culture and Developing Selves: Beyond Dichotomization, 104:9–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matheson K & Cole BM (2004). Coping with threatened group identity: Psychological and neuroendocrime responses. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40:778–786.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McConnel AR, Strain LM, Brown CM & Rydell RJ (2009). The simple life: On benefits of low self-complexity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35:823–835.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDaniel BL & Grice JW (2008). Predicting psychological well-being from self-discrepancies: A comparison of idiographic and nomothetic measures. Self and Identity, 7:243–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller CT & Kaiser CR (2001). A theoretical perspective on coping with stigma. Journal of Social Issues, 57:73–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Misra G (2001). Culture and self: Implications for psychological inquiry. Journal of Indian Psychology, 19:1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Misra G (2005). Editorial. Psychological Studies, 50, IV–V.

    Google Scholar 

  • Misra G (2007). Construction of self: A cross-cultural perspective. In K Rao (Ed.), Mindscapes (pp 32–44). Bangalore: NIMHANS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Misra G & Dalal AK (2006). Editorial. Psychological Studies, 51:III–V.

    Google Scholar 

  • Misra G & Gergen KJ (1993). On place of culture in psychological science. International Journal of Psychology, 28:225–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Motakai AH (2006). Ethnic identity, ego identity, and psychological well-being among mixed-ethnic Arab-European adolescents in Israel. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24:669–679.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muller D, Judd CM & Yzerbyt VY (2005). When moderation is mediated and mediation is moderated. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89:852–863.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nafstad HE, Blacker RM, Botchway A & Rand-Hendriksen K (2009). Globalization, ideologies and well-being: A study of a West African and a North European society. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4:305–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noh S & Kaspar V (2003). Perceived discrimination and depression: Moderating effect of coping, acculturation and ethnic support. American Journal of Public Health, 93:232–238.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nordenmark M (2004). Multiple roles and well-being: A longitudinal test of role stress theory and role expansion theory. Acta Sociologia, 47:115–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Outten HR, Schmitt MT, Garcia DM & Branscombe NR (2009). Coping options: Missing links between minority group identification and psychological well-being. Applied Psychology, 58:146–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oyserman D, Frybag SA & Yoder N (2007). Identity-based motivation and health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93:1011–1027.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozgul S, Heuback B, Ward J & Wilkinson R (2003). Self-discrepancies: Measurement and relation to various negative affective states. Australian Journal of Psychology, 55:56–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Padilla AM & Perez W (2003). Acculturation, social identity and social cognition: A new perspective. Hispanic Journal or Behavioural Sciences, 25:35–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palsane MN (2005). Self-incongruent behavior, stress and disease. Psychological Studies, 50:283–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paradise AW & Kernis MH (2002). Self-esteem and psychological well-being: Implications of fragile self-esteem. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 2:345–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paranjpe AC (1998). Self and identity in modern psychology and Indian thought. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park N, Peterson C & Seligman MEP (2006). Character strength in fifty four nations and fifty US States. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1:118–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pennebaker JW & Keough KA (1999). Revealing, organizing and recognizing the self in response to stress and emotion. In RJ Contrada & RD Ashmore (Eds.), Self, social identity, and physical health: Interdisciplinary explorations (vol 2 pp 101–121). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson C, Park N & Sweeney PJ (2008). Group well-being: Morale from a positive psychology perspective. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57:19–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson C, Ruch W, Bermann U, Park N & Seligman MEP (2007). Strength of character orientation to happiness and life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2:149–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phinney JS, Horenczyk G, Leibkind K & Veddler P (2001). Ethnic identity, immigration, and well-being. Journal of Social Issues, 57:495–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prelow HM, Mosher CE & Bowman MA (2006). Perceived racial discrimination, social support, and psychological adjustment among African — American college students. Journal of Black Psychology, 32:442–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Priya KR (2004). Post-quake recovery in Urban Kachch. Economic and Political Weekly, September 18 issue, 4229–4321.

  • Quellette SC (1999). The relationship between personality and health: What self and identity have to do with it? In RJ Contarda & RD Ashmore (Eds.), Self, social identity, and physical health: Interdisciplinary explorations, (vol 2 pp 125–154). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rafaeli-Mor E & Steinberg J (2002). Self-complexity and well-being. Personality and Social Psychological Review, 6:31–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reich WA (2000). Identity structure, narrative accounts, and commitment to a volunteer role. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 134:422–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reich WA & Rosenberg S (2004). Reflected self-image and commitment to a career role. Self and Identity, 3:115–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reich WA, Harber KD & Siegel HI (2008). Self-structure and well-being in life transitions. Self and Identity, 7:129–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reitzes DC & Mutran JM (2002). Self-concept as the organization of roles: Importance, centrality, and balance. Sociological Quarterly, 43:647–667.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts JE & Monroe SM (1992). Vulnerable self-esteem and depressive symptoms: Prospective findings comparing three alternative conceptualizations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62:804–812.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts JE & Monroe SM (1999). Vulnerable self-esteem and social processes in depression: Toward an interpersonal model of self-esteem regulation. In T Joiner & JC Coyne (Eds.), The interactional nature of depression (pp 149–187). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson L (2005). South Asians in Britain. Psychology and Developing Societies, 17:181–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers CR (1961). On becoming a person. Boston: Houghton Miffin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg S (1997). Multiplicity of selves. In RD Ashmore & L Jussim (Eds.), Self and identity: Fundamental issues (vol 1 pp 23–45). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan RM & Deci EL (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52:141–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan RM & Deci EL (2003). On assimilating identities to the self: A self-determination perspective on internalization and integrity within cultures. In MR Leary & JP Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity. (pp 253–288). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabionniere R, Tougas F & Lortie-Lussier M (2009). Dramatic social change in Russia and Mangolia. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40:327–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sahu FM & Rath S (2003). Self-efficacy and well-being in working and non-working women: The moderating role of involvement. Psychology and Developing Societies, 15:187–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sawrikar P & Hunt CJ (2005). The relationship between mental health, cultural identity and cultural values in non-English speaking background (NESB) Australian adolescents. Behaviour Change, 22:97–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheff TJ (2001). Shame and community: Social components in depression. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes. 64:212–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt MA & Branscombe NR (2002). The meaning and consequences of perceived discrimination in disadvantaged and privileged social groups. European Review of Social Psychology, 12:167–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzer R & Peterson C (Eds.) (2008). Editorial special issue on “Health and well-being”. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57:1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott L & O’Hara MV (1993). Self-discrepancies in clinically anxious and depressed university students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102:282–287.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma S (1969). Standardization of self-concept inventory. Psychological Studies, 14:84–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma S (1970a). Interrelationship between two dimensions of assessing self-concept. Journal of Psychological Researches, 14:103–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma S (1970b). Self-concept and adjustment. Indian Psychological Review, 6:71–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma S & Sharma M (2006). Sustaining and enhancing health/well-being of Indian students: The role of certain spiritual and religious interventions. Psychological Studies, 51:113–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui RN & Pandey J (2003). Coping with poverty by an urban poor minority group. Psychological Studies, 48:66–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha D & Tripathi RC (1994). Individualism in a collectivistic culture: A case of co-existence of opposites. In U Kim, HC Triandis, C Kagitcibasi, S Choi & G Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method and applications (pp 123–136). California: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirivastava A (2003). Resilience in low income working people. In U Vindhya (Ed.), Psychology in India: Intersecting cross-roads (pp 202–220). New Delhi.

  • Steinberg JA, Karpinski A & Alloy LB (2007). The exploration of implicit aspects of self-esteem in vulnerability-stress models of depression. Self and Identity, 6:101–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strauman TJ & Higgins ET (1987). The automatic activation of self-discrepancies and emotional syndromes: When cognitive structures influence affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53:1004–1014.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stryker S (1980). Symbolic interactionism: A social structure version. Menlo Park: CA, Benjamin/Cummings.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suh EM (2002). Culture, identity consistency, and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83:1378–1391.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel M & Turner JC (1986). The social identity theory of inter-group behaviour: In S Worchel & WG Austin (Eds.), Psychology of inter-group relations (pp. 7–24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tangney JP, Niedenthal PM, Covert MV & Barlow DH (1998). Are shame and guilt related to distinct self-discrepancies? A test of Higgin’s (1987) hypotheses. Journal of Personality, 69:121–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thoits PA (1999). Self, identity, stress and mental health. In CS Aneshensel & JC Phelam (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of mental health (pp 345–368). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thoits PA (2003). Identity structures and psychological well-being: Gender and marital status comparisons. Social Psychology Quarterly, 55:236–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thoits PA & Virshup LK (1997). Me’s and We’s: Forms and functions of social identities. In RD Ashmore & L Jussim (Eds.), Self and identity: Fundamental issues, (vol. 1), New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner JC (1985). Social categorization and the self-concept: A social cognitive theory of group behaviour. In EJ Lawler (Ed.), Advances in group processes (vol 2 pp 77–122). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner JC (1999). Some current issues in research on social identity and self-categorization theories. In N Ellemers, R Spears & BD Doojee (Eds.), Social Identity: Context, commitment, and content (pp 6–34). Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner JC & Oakes PJ (1997). The socially structured mind. In C TcGarty & SA Haslam (Eds.), The message of social psychology (pp 353–373). Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Umana-Taylor AJ, Diversi M & Fine MA (2002). Ethnic identity and self-esteem of Latino adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 17:303–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Umana-Taylor AJ, Vargas-Channes D, Garcia CD & Gonzalez-Baken M (2008). A longitudinal examination of Latino adolescents’ ethnic identity, coping with discrimination and self-esteem. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 28:16–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vignoles VL, Regalia C, Manzi C, Claudia G, Golledge J & Scabini E (2006). Beyond self-esteem: Influence of multiple motives on identity construction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90:308–333.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watson N & Watts RH Jr. (2001). The predictive strength of personal constructs versus conventional constructs: Self-image disparity and neuroticism. Journal of Personality, 69:121–145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams DR, Spencer MS & Jackson JS (1999). Race, stress and physical health: The role of group identity. In RJ Contrada & RD Ashmore (Eds.), Self, social identity, and physical health: Interdisciplinary explorations (vol 2 pp 71–100). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wylie RC (1961). The self-concept: A critical survey of pertinent research literature. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wylie RC (1974). The self-concept: A review of methodological considerations and measuring instruments. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yasui M, Dorham C & Dishion TJ (2004). Identity and psychological adjustment. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19:807–825.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yip T (2005). Sources of situation variation in ethnic identity and psychological well-being: A palm pilot study of Chinese American students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 3:1603–1616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yip T, Kiang L & Pulgini AT (2008). Multiple social identities and reactivity to daily stress among diverse young adults. Journal of Research in Personality, 42:1160–1172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Monica Sharma.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sharma, S., Sharma, M. Self, social identity and psychological well-being. Psychol Stud 55, 118–136 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-010-0011-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-010-0011-8

Keywords

Navigation