Abstract
Youth in out-of-home care confront numerous disruptions in relationships and social environments, but how they experience such disruptions and their perception of these changes as losses has received little attention in the research literature. Furthermore, the increased use of kinship foster care raises questions regarding the effect of such placements on children’s experience of loss. Due to the overrepresentation of African American children in both the child welfare system and in kinship placements, race is a central variable in understanding the kinship care context and how it impacts loss. Using interview data from 18 African American adolescents in kinship and non-kinship placements, qualitative findings are presented regarding differences in relational and locational disruptions and in perceptions of those disruptions. Compared to non-kinship participants, adolescents in kinship placements experienced fewer disruptions in relationships and location and also experienced the restoration of losses as well as outright relational gains in entering their relative placements. Implications for policy, practice, and research are also discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Altshuler, S. (1999). Children in kinship foster care speak out: “We think we’re doing fine”. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 16, 215–235.
Anderson, S., & Righton, K. (2001). Impact of TANF on state kinship foster care programs. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, School of Social Work, Child and Family Research Center. Retrieved September 5, 2003, from http://cfrcwww.social.uiuc.edu/pubs/pdf.files/tanf.pdf.
Berrick, J. D., Barth, R., & Needell, B. (1994). A comparison of kinship foster homes and foster family homes: Implications for kinship foster care as family preservation. Children and Youth Services Review, 16, 33–63.
Billingsley, A., & Giovannoni, J. (1972). Children of the storm. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Blackburn, J., Greenberg, J., & Boss, P. (1987). Coping with normative stress from loss and change: A longitudinal study of ranch and non-ranch widows. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 11, 59–70.
Boss, P. (1999). Ambiguous loss: Learning to live with unresolved grief. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Boss, P., & Couden, B. A. (2002). Ambiguous loss form chronic physical illness: Clinical interventions with individuals, couples, and families. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 1351–1360.
Boss, P., Pearce-McCall, D., & Greenberg, J. (1987). Normative loss in mid-life families: Rural, urban, and gender differences. Family Relations, 36, 437–443.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, vol. I: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss, vol. II: Separation. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss, vol. III: Loss. New York: Basic Books.
Broad, B. (2004). Kinship care for children in the UK: Messages from research, lessons for policy and practice. European Journal of Social Work, 7, 211–227.
Brown, A. W., & Bailey-Etta, B. (1997). An out-of-home care system in crisis: Implications for African American children in the child welfare system. Child Welfare, 76, 65–83.
Burton, L. M. (1995). Intergenerational patterns of providing care in African-American families with teenage childbearers: Emergent patterns in an ethnographic study. In W. K. Schaie, V. L. Bengtson, & L. M. Burton (Eds.), Intergenerational issues in aging (pp. 79–96). New York: Springer.
Chapman, M. V., Wall, A., & Barth, R. P. (2004). Children’s voices: The perceptions of children in foster care. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74, 293–304.
Child Welfare League of America (CWLA). (2006). Children’s legislative agenda. Washington, DC: CWLA Press.
Children’s Defense Fund (CDF). (2008a). Fostering connection to success and increasing adoptions act overview. Washington, DC: Children’s Defense Fund. Retrieved August 13, 2009, from http://www.childrensdefense.org/helping-americas-children/child-welfare/fostering-connection-success-increasing-adoptions-act-overview.html.
Children’s Defense Fund (CDF). (2008b). Fostering connection to success and increasing adoptions act (H.R. 6893) summary. Washington, DC: Children’s Defense Fund. Retrieved August 13, 2009, from http://www.childrensdefense.org/child-research-data-publications/data/FCSIAA-detailed-summary.pdf.
Cimmarusti, R. A. (1999). Caregiver burden in kinship foster care. In J. P. Gleeson & C. F. Hairston (Eds.), Kinship care: Improving practice through research (pp. 257–278). Washington, DC: CWLA Press.
Cook, R. & Ciarico, J. (1998). National study of protective, preventive, and reunification services delivered to children and their families. Unpublished analysis, US Department of Health & Human Services, Children’s Bureau.
Cournos, F. (2004). Parental death and foster care: A personal and professional perspective. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 3, 342–355.
Courtney, M. E. (1994). Factors associated with the reunification of foster children with their families. Social Service Review, 68, 81–108.
Courtney, M. E. (1995). Reentry to foster care of children returned to their families. Social Service Review, 69, 226–241.
Courtney, M. E., Barth, R. P., Berrick, J. D., Brooks, D., Needell, B., & Park, L. (1996). Race and child welfare services: Past research and future directions. Child Welfare, 75, 99–137.
Courtney, M., & Needell, B. (1997). Outcomes from kinship care: Lessons from California. In J. D. Berrick, R. Barth, & Y. N. Gilbert (Eds.), Child welfare research review (Vol. 2, pp. 130–149). New York: Columbia University Press.
Crabtree, B. F., & Miller, W. L. (1992). A template approach to text analysis: Developing and using codebooks. In B. F. Crabtree & W. L. Miller (Eds.), Doing qualitative research (pp. 93–109). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Derezotes, D. M., Poertner, J., & Testa, M. F. (Eds.). (2005). Race matters in child welfare: The overrepresentation of African American children in the system. Washington, DC: CWLA Press.
Dodson, J. E. (2007). Conceptualizations and research of African American family life in the United States: Some thoughts. In H. P. McAdoo (Ed.), Black families (pp. 69–78). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Edelstein, S. B., Burge, D., & Waterman, J. (2001). Helping foster parents cope with separation, loss, and grief. Child Welfare, 80, 5–25.
Ehrle, J., Geen, R., & Main, R. (2003). Kinship foster care: Custody, hardships, and services. In Snapshots of America’s families, no. 14. Retrieved on August 13, 2009, from http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/310893_snapshots3_no14.pdf.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
Fahlberg, V. I. (1991). A child’s journey through placement. Indianapolis, IN: Perspectives Press.
Festinger, T. (1983). No one ever asked us…A postscript to foster care. New York: Columbia University Press.
Flynn, R. (2002). Research review: Kinship foster care. Child and Family Social Work, 7, 311–321.
Fontana, A., & Frey, J. (1998). Interviewing: The art of science. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Collecting and interpreting qualitative materials (pp. 47–78). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Fox, A., Berrick, J. D., & Frasch, K. (2008). Safety, family, permanency, and child well-being: What we can learn from children. Child Welfare, 87, 63–90.
Geen, R. (2003a). Kinship care: Paradigm shift or just another magic bullet? In R. Geen (Ed.), Kinship care: Making the most of a valuable resource (pp. 231–260). Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
Geen, R. (2003b). Kinship foster care: An ongoing, yet largely uninformed debate. In R. Geen (Ed.), Kinship care: Making the most of a valuable resource (pp. 1–23). Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
Geen, R. (2003c). Foster children placed with relatives often receive less government help. In New federalism: National survey of America’s families, series A, no. A-59. Washington DC: Urban Institute. Retrieved August 13, 2009, from http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/310774_A-59.pdf.
Gibbs, P., & Muller, U. (2000). Kinship foster care moving to the mainstream: Controversy, policy, and outcomes. Adoption Quarterly, 4, 57–87.
Gleeson, J. (1999). Kinship care as a child welfare service: What do we really know? In J. P. Gleeson & C. F. Hairston (Eds.), Kinship care: Improving practice through research (pp. 3–34). Washington, DC: CWLA Press.
Gleeson, J. (2007). Kinship care research and literature: Lessons learned and directions for future research. Kinship Reporter, 1, 1 & 8. Washington, DC: CWLA Press.
Goerge, R. M., Harden, A. W., & Lee, B. J. (1993). The physical movement of children placed with relatives: A report to the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services. Chicago: University of Chicago, Chapin Hall Center for Children.
Gray, S. S., & Nybell, L. M. (1990). Issues in African-American family preservation. Child Welfare, 69, 513–523.
Grigsby, R. (1993). Theories that guide intensive family preservation services: A second look. In E. S. Morton & R. K. Grigsby (Eds.), Advancing family preservation practice (16–27). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Gutman, H. (1976). The black family in slavery and freedom, 1750–1925. New York: Vintage.
Harris, M. S. (1999). Comparing mothers of children in kinship foster care: Reunification vs. remaining in care. In J. P. Gleeson & C. F. Hairston (Eds.), Kinship care: Improving practice through research (pp. 145–166). Washington, DC: CWLA Press.
Hegar, R. L. (1999). The cultural roots of kinship care. In R. L. Hegar & M. Scannapieco (Eds.), Kinship foster care: Policy, practice, and research (pp. 17–27). New York: Oxford University Press.
Herrick, M. A., & Piccus, W. (2005). Sibling connections: The importance of nurturing sibling bonds in the foster care system. Children and Youth Services Review, 27, 845–861.
Hill, R. B. (1999). The strengths of black families. New York: Emerson Hall.
Hill, R. B. (2005). The role of race in foster care placements. In D. M. Derezotes, J. Poertner, & M. F. Testa (Eds.), Race matters in child welfare: The overrepresentation of African American children in the system (187–200). Washington, DC: CWLA Press.
Hill, R. B. (2007). An analysis of racial/ethnic disproportionality and disparity at the national, state, and county levels. Casey-CSSP alliance for racial equity in child welfare. Retrieved November 29, 2009, from http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/casey/analysisofdisproportionality/#/10.
Howard, J. A. (2000). Social psychology of identities. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 367–393.
James, J. W., & Friedman, R. (2002). When children grieve: For adults to help children deal with death, divorce, pet loss, moving, and other losses. New York: HarperCollins.
Johnson, P. R., & Yoken, C. (1995). Family foster care placement: The child’s perspective. Child Welfare, 74, 959–974.
Kaplan, L., Hennon, C. B., & Ade-Ridder, L. (1993). Splitting custody of children between parents: Impact on the sibling system. Families in Society, 30, 131–144.
Koebel, T. C., & Murray, M. S. (1999). Extended families and their housing in the U.S. Housing Studies, 14, 125–143.
Kubler-Ross, E. (1975). Death: The final stage of growth. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Landrine, H., & Klonoff, E. (1996). Traditional African-American family practices: Prevalence and correlates. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 20, 59–62.
Landsverk, J., Davis, I., Ganger, W., Newton, R., & Johnson, I. (1996). Impact of child psychosocial functioning on reunification from out-of-home placement. Children and Youth Services Review, 18, 447–462.
Lanyado, M. (2003). The emotional task of moving from fostering to adoption: Transitions, attachment, separation, and loss. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 337–349.
Lebovitz, R. H. (1979). Loss, role change, and values. Clinical Social Work Journal, 7, 285–295.
Leos-Urbel, J., Bess, R., & Geen, R. (1999). State policies for assessing and supporting kinship foster parents. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute. Retrieved September 5, 2003, from http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=409609.
McRoy, R. G. (2008). Acknowledging disproportionate outcomes and changing service delivery. Child Welfare, 87, 205–210.
Messing, J. T. (2006). From the child’s perspective: A qualitative analysis of kinship care placements. Children and Youth Services Review, 28, 1415–1434.
Metzger, J. (2008). Resiliency in children and youth in kinship care and family foster care. Child Welfare, 87, 115–140.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: A sourcebook of new methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Mincy, R., & Pouncy, H. (2003). The marriage mystery: Marriages, assets, and the expectations of African American fathers. In O. Clayton, R. Mincy, & D. Blankenhorn (Eds.), Black fathers in contemporary American society: Strengths, weaknesses, and strategies for change (pp. 45–70). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
O’Donnell, J. (1999). Casework practice with fathers. In J. P. Gleeson & C. F. Hairston (Eds.), Kinship care: Improving practice through research (pp. 167–188). Washington, DC: CWLA Press.
Raley, R. K. (1995). Black-White differences in kin contact and exchange among never married adults. Journal of Family Issues, 16, 77–103.
Roberts, D. (2002). Shattered bonds: The color of child welfare. New York: Basic Civitas Books.
Rubin, A., & Babbie, E. (1997). Research methods for social work (3rd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Scannapieco, M. (1999). Kinship care in the public welfare system. In R. L. Hegar & M. Scannapecio (Eds.), Kinship foster care: Policy, practice, and research (pp. 141–154). New York: Oxford University Press.
Scannapieco, M., & Hegar, R. L. (1999). Kinship foster care in context. In R. L. Hegar & M. Scannapieco (Eds.), Kinship foster care: Policy, practice, and research (pp. 1–16). New York: Oxford University Press.
Scannapieco, M., & Hegar, R. L. (2002). Kinship care providers: Designing an array of supportive services. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 19, 315–327.
Simms, M. C., Fortuny, K., & Henderson, E. (2009). Racial and ethnic disparities among low-income families. In LIWF fact sheet. Washington DC: Urban Institute. Retrieved August 11, 2009, from http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411936_racialandethnic.pdf.
Smith, M. C. (1995). A preliminary description of nonschool-based friendship in young high-risk children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 1497–1511.
Stack, C. (1974). All our kin: Strategies for survival in a black community. New York: Harper & Row.
Stack, C. (1985). Professional wisdom, cultural realities. In M. Cox & R. Cox (Eds.), Foster care: Current issues, policies, and practices (pp. 134–146). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Testa, M. (1997). Kinship foster care in Illinois. Child Welfare Research Review, 2, 101–129.
Thorpe, M. B., & Swart, M. D. (1992). Risk and protective factors affecting children in foster care: A pilot study of the role of siblings. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 616–622.
US Bureau of the Census. (2000). Census 2000 demographic profile highlights. Retrieved June 12, 2005, from http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_sse=on.
US Bureau of the Census. (2008). America’s families and living arrangements: 2008. Retrieved August 13, 2008, from http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2008.html.
US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). (2009). Adoption and foster care analysis and reporting system (AFCARS) report: Preliminary FY 2003. Retrieved December 3, 2009, from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research/afcars/tar/report16.htm.
US Government Accountability Office (US GAO). (2007). African American children in foster care: Additional HHS assistance needed to help states reduce the proportion in care. Washington, DC: US GAO. Retrieved on August 28, 2009, from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07816.pdf.
Wallace, S. (2003). The grieving child in care. Children’s voices, May/June. Washington, DC: CWLA Press.
Whiting, J. B., & Lee, R. E. (2003). Voices from the system: A qualitative study of foster children’s stories. Family Relations, 52, 288–295.
Worden, J. W. (1996). Children and grief: When a parent dies. New York: Guilford.
Wu, K. B. (2000). Who are the long-term poor? Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute. Retrieved July 3, 2005, from http://www.aarp.org/research/assistance/lowincome/aresearch-import-328-DD53.html.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schwartz, A.E. “Nobody Knows Me No More”: Experiences of Loss Among African American Adolescents in Kinship and Non-Kinship Foster Care Placements. Race Soc Probl 2, 31–49 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-010-9025-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-010-9025-z