Introduction
Cardiogenic shock continues to be a highly dangerous condition carrying considerable risk of mortality and morbidity despite all currently available treatment modalities. In clinical practice, urgent resuscitation by short-term mechanical support is often the only remaining therapeutic option to prevent a certain death [
1]. Among the available devices, veno-arterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been suggested to be the most useful initial step for urgent stabilisation in severe, refractory cardiogenic shock [
1]. More long-term support and effective ventricular unloading is best achieved by surgical implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) [
1]. Theoretically, high urgency heart transplantation (HTX) poses an alternative strategy in the acute setting, but is hampered by scarceness of donor organs and is therefore virtually impossible. Currently, the use of LVADs is increasing rapidly in popularity as ‘bridge-to-recovery’, ‘bridge-to-transplantation’, or ‘destination therapy’ [
1,
2], in the absence of generally accepted practice guidelines to aid in optimal patient selection and cost-effectiveness. The rationale of LVAD implantation in patients with acute refractory cardiogenic shock often poses an ultimate therapeutic step, but is well known to carry a considerable morbidity and mortality. Recently, results of the INTERMACS registry have clearly shown that the postoperative outcome of advanced heart failure patients undergoing ventricular assist device implantation is strongly influenced by their preoperative INTERMACS profile [
3]. INTERMACS profile one patients are defined by cardiogenic shock with persisting haemodynamic instability in spite of increasing doses of inotropes and IABP support with critical hypoperfusion of target organs [
3]. In that sense, it is evident that patients suffering severe cardiogenic shock, i.e. defined as INTERMACS profile 1, generally had a deleterious outcome. The authors argue that their results call for a change in policies related to the management of heart transplant and LVAD candidates in this specific patient category due to their deleterious outcome [
3].
Here, we present an alternative therapeutic strategy, exemplified by a series of three cases presenting with acute, severe and refractory cardiogenic shock and successfully treated by early veno-arterial ECMO (Table
1). The latter was combined with optimised medical therapy, i.e. early but gradual titration of low-dose beta-blocker therapy under the ‘umbrella’ of phosphodiesterase inhibitors, for a prolonged period of time. All three patients survived the initial critical phase of severe cardiogenic shock (‘crash and burn’, INTERMACS profile 1) and recovered to such a degree that there was no need for other definite and irreversible therapeutic solutions such as LVAD implantation or heart transplantation.
Table 1
Patient characteristics
Age | 28 years | 25 years | 50 years |
Gender | Male | Female | Male |
Medical history | Alcohol and drug abuse | None | Depression |
Complaints | Progressive fatigue and shortness of breath | Muscle pain, nausea, vomiting and dizziness since 1 week | Muscle pain, subfebrile temperatures, fatigue and stomach pain since 1 week |
Admission with | Acute severe heart failure, cardiogenic shock | Acute severe heart failure, cardiogenic shock | Acute severe heart failure, cardiogenic shock |
Echocardiography | Severely impaired systolic LV function with dilated left ventricle with mild mitral insufficiency. | Severely impaired systolic LV and RV function, thrombus in right ventricle | Severely impaired systolic LV function, dilated cardiomyopathy, large LV thrombus |
Additional studies | Laboratory: lactate acidosis and multi-organ failure (ATN, shock liver) MRI showed dilated cardiomyopathy without any signs of acute myocarditis | Laboratory: lactate acidosis and multi-organ failure (ATN, shock liver) Virology: PCR positive for parvo B19 virus Endomyocardial biopsy: parvo B19 virus. | Laboratory: lactate acidosis and multi-organ failure (ATN, shock liver) Endomyocardial biopsy negative |
Diagnosis | Refractory cardiogenic shock due to toxic cardiomyopathy (alcohol and amphetamine) | Refractory cardiogenic shock based on parvo B19 viral myocarditis | Refractory cardiogenic shock based on de novo dilated CMP e.c.i. |
Initial approach | High-dose positive inotropes, CVVH and IABP | High-dose positive inotropes and IABP | High-dose positive inotropes, and IABP |
Therapeutic approach | VA-ECMO short term mechanical support Enoximone 1 mg/kg/min intravenously with early introduction of low-dose beta blocker/ACEi | VA-ECMO short-term mechanical support Enoximone 1 mg/kg/min intravenously with early introduction of low-dose beta blocker/ACEi | VA-ECMO short-term mechanical support Enoximone 1 mg/kg/minintravenously with early introduction of low-dose beta blocker/ACEi |
VA ECMO duration | 11 days | 7 days | 10 days |
Complications | Episode of thrombocytopenia and HIT | 3rd degree AV block, DDD pacemaker | None |
Medication at discharge | Acenocoumarol; Bisoprolol 10 mg qd; Ramipril 3.75 bid; Furosemide 20 mg qd; Esomeprazole 40 mg bid; Quetiapine 25 mg bid. | Ramipril 5 mg bid; Metoprolol Succinate 100 mg bid; Furosemide 40 mg qd; Ferrofumarate 200 mg tid; Esomeprazole 40 mg qd | Acenocoumarol; Ramipril 7.5 mg bid; Metoprolol Succinate 50 mg bid; Digoxin 0.125 mg qd; Amiodarone 200 mg qd; Furosemide 40 mg qd; Spironolactone 12.5 mg qd; Esomeprazole 40 mg qd |
Echocardiogram at short-term follow-up | 4 weeks after admission: moderately impaired systolic LV function, mild mitral insufficiency. | 5 weeks after admission: mildly impaired systolic LV and RV function, no signs of thrombus or valve insufficiency | 6 weeks after admission: mildly impaired systolic LV and RV function, no signs of thrombus or significant valve insufficiency |
Long-term follow-up | At 1.5 years follow-up, he is asymptomatic, NYHA class I. Echo: estimated EF 35–40 % | At 3.5 years follow-up, she is asymptomatic, NYHA class I. Echo: estimated EF 40–45 % | At 2.5 years follow-up, he is asymptomatic, NYHA class I. Echo: estimated EF 45 % |
Discussion
Here, we present a series of cases with acute, severe and refractory cardiogenic shock, successfully treated with ‘short-term’ ECMO support and optimised medical therapy preventing a certain path towards LVAD and/or heart transplantation. Importantly, this more conservative approach in INTERMACS profile 1 incorporates early introduction of heart failure therapy, already during ECMO, using phosphodiesterase inhibition as an ‘umbrella’ to allow early initiation of oral heart failure therapy including beta blockers and angiotensin enzyme inhibitors.
We hypothesised that the very early initiation of medical-mechanical support and introduction of heart failure medication (under the umbrella of enoximone) provides the momentum for these patients to survive the first critical phase (crash to certain death) and afterwards continue in the upward line of clinical recovery, thereby preventing the path towards LVAD or HTX.
Cardiogenic shock remains a highly dangerous condition with a high risk of mortality and morbidity despite extensive current medical and mechanical support [
1‐
3]. With increasing availability of short mechanical circulatory support and long-term solutions such as left ventricular assist devices (LVADs), therapeutic options in cardiogenic shock patients are increasingly broadened [
3‐
6]. ECMO is reported to be successful as a bridge-to-recovery in out-of-hospital patients presenting with severe cardiogenic shock [
4‐
6]. With current technological improvements, ECMO has developed into a lightweight portable and reliable device which, in experienced hands, is easily implanted percutaneously via the femoral vessels in 15 min. It is therefore more applicable in acute settings (cardiogenic shock) and the best available short-term mechanical support device which can be used on a temporary basis (removed easily). As a long-term solution, the path of LVAD and/or HTX still has major drawbacks with huge impact on financial resources [
3‐
6]. Additionally, there is an extreme shortage of suitable heart donors, and a significant morbidity and mortality with LVAD implantation. This warrants some precautions and discussion on the best timing and right patient selection before turning into an irreversible pathway. Therefore, we question whether LVADs are the best choice in all and we advocate that we keep trying to think of a way to divert the path of LVAD or HTX waiting list in these patient groups, especially in the first weeks to evaluate whether the patient can rather recover with ECMO bridging. Our case series shows that short-term mechanical support is suitable as bridge-to-decision in order to identify the right candidates for LVAD or HTX. Current ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure are brief on the topic of mechanical assist devices due to the lack of evidence and clinical data, and clinical expert opinion is still important, which makes our case series clinically relevant as well as the discussion it provokes, aimed to improve patient care in this vulnerable subset of patients.
In this case series, we discuss an alternative approach in selected patients with severe cardiogenic shock to use a VA-ECMO as bridge-to-recovery, enhanced by introducing very early heart failure medication, including ACE inhibitors and beta blockers using enoximone and ECMO. Our approach of using VA-ECMO for a prolonged period of time under the umbrella of enoximone therapy is new and could be a way to prevent the bridge-to-destination or bridge-to-transplantation paths. The current approach has worked for several of our patients with great success, as presented in our case series. However, patient numbers (and experience) in this category will remain small and dependent largely on clinical experience. We believe that –in our centre- this approach was partly feasible due to the unique cooperation of cardiac intensive care specialists as well as heart failure specialists in a combined intensive care unit and cardiac care unit.
The proposed period of bridging with VA-ECMO and very early introduction of heart failure therapy (including beta blockers) under the umbrella of enoximone, can give the needed time to evaluate the clinical course of the patient’s illness and select the appropriate patients to either await clinical recovery or proceed to LVAD. After stabilisation, enoximone provided the necessary back-up to introduce B1-selective beta blockers as these agents are independent of beta-receptor signalling and beta receptors in contrast to dobutamine [
7,
8]. The site of action of phosphodiesterase inhibitors is beyond the beta-adrenergic receptor and the two agents have additive effects [
7,
8]. We argue that the early introduction of beta-blocker therapy is essential in the recovery phase. A gradual increase of the beta-blocker dose under the safety of enoximone and VA-ECMO will avert the feared haemodynamic compromise [
7,
8] and save enormous time in patient recovery (which depends on introduction of heart failure therapy). Still, the early introduction of beta-blocker therapy seems contra-intuitive and is challenged by other experts [
7,
8].
In all three patients, cardiogenic shock and multi-organ failure persisted despite conventional support which was the reason to expand treatment with VA-ECMO rapidly as an option for short-term (temporary) mechanical support. The choice for VA-ECMO depends on experience and device availability in the centre. VA-ECMO can be inserted – percutaneously – rapidly and buy time. It is essential to take this decision as early as possible on the first day, before multi-organ failure has advanced to such a degree that VA-ECMO is also doomed to fail. Realistically, some patients will cope (as presented in the current cases), but others will not and still need LVAD or heart transplantation despite all efforts [
9]. VA-ECMO can be removed and is a temporary device. The INTERMACS study taught us that patients in cardiogenic shock have a deleterious outcome with urgent LVAD implantation and these results call for a change in management in this particular patient category, Therefore, our conservative regimen targets INTERMACS profile 1 patients and may provide us with the valuable time to evaluate this patient category for proper selection. In our opinion this should be attempted, as an ‘LVAD for all’ approach is detrimental to these patients with INTERMACS profile 1 [
3] as well as not manageable on a large scale. While searching for alternative treatment, we realise that our regimen requires a high dedication and patience from the whole clinical team. The current regimen should be tested in larger studies which may provide more insight into the best applicable patients as well as the effect of the underlying cause of acute heart failure on decision-making.
In conclusion, we advocate an initial conservative approach in INTERMACS profile 1 patients by combining short-term mechanical circulatory support with early introduction of medical heart failure therapy under the umbrella of phosphodiesterase inhibitors, which could be a successful way to treat refractory cardiogenic shock patients. This novel approach may have clinical implications as it shows that the clinical path towards LVAD and/or heart transplantation can be diverted in some, which makes the discussion on applicable patients for LVADs even more challenging and efforts to reduce unnecessary LVAD implantation even more warranted.