Introduction
Methods
Study population
Echocardiography
Exercise test
Statistical analysis
Results
Study population
Intellectual disability | Controls |
p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Down syndrome | Non-Down-syndrome | |||
n = 96 |
n =
25
|
n = 33 | ||
Male gender (%) | 48 | 60 | 55 | NS |
Age, yrs
| 42 ± 11 | 50 ± 11 | 40 ± 11 | 0.002a,b
|
Weight, kg
| 64 ± 11 | 77 ± 15 | 72 ± 12 | <0.001b,c
|
Height, cm
| 153 ± 8 | 168 ± 13 | 177 ± 9 | <0.001a,b,c
|
BMI, kg/m
2
| 27 ± 4 | 27 ± 4 | 23 ± 3 | <0.001a,c
|
BSA, m
2
| 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | <0.001b,c
|
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg
| 115 ± 13 | 127 ± 12 | 115 ± 11 | <0.001a,b
|
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg
| 73 ± 8 | 81 ± 11 | 77 ± 10 | <0.001b
|
Intellectual disability | ||||
Mild | 3 | 24 | NA | |
Moderate | 62 | 32 | NA | |
Severe | 28 | 44 | NA | |
Profound | 7 | 0 | NA | |
Hypertensived (%) | 1 | 8 | 0 | N.S |
Obesitase (%) | 22 | 20 | 3 | N.S |
Regulated hypothyroidism (%) | 30 | 5 | 3 | <0.05a,c
|
Regulated hyperthyroidism (%) | 4 | 0 | 0 | N.S |
Cardiac indices
Intellectual disability | Controls |
p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Down syndrome | Non-Down-syndrome | |||
n = 96 |
n = 25 |
n = 33 | ||
Rest | ||||
Cardiac output (l/min) | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 5.3 ± 1.3 | 4.5 ± 1.0 | <0.001a,b,c
|
Cardiac index (l/min/m2) | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | <0.001a,b,c
|
Stroke volume (ml) | 55.1 ± 13.6 | 68.3 ± 13.1 | 69.8 ± 11.8 | <0.001a,c
|
Indexed stroke volume (ml/m2) | 33.6 ± 7.5 | 36.4 ± 5.9 | 37.3 ± 5.6 | 0.02a
|
Heart rate (beats/min) | 68 ± 12 | 78 ± 13 | 64 ± 12 | <0.001b,c
|
Tilting of the legsd
| ||||
Cardiac output (l/min) | 4.0 ± 1.1 | 6.1 ± 1.5 | 5.0 ± 0.8 | <0.001a,b,c
|
Cardiac index (l/min/m2) | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | <0.01c
|
Stroke volume (ml) | 58.1 ± 15.0 | 78.8 ± 12.5 | 69.9 ± 10.4 | <0.001a,c
|
Indexed stroke volume (ml/m2) | 35.7 ± 7.9 | 39.5 ± 6.2 | 38.0 ± 5.9 | NS |
Heart rate (beats/min) | 70 ± 11 | 77 ± 9 | 72 ± 10 | NS |
After exercisee
| ||||
Cardiac output (l/min) | 4.7 ± 1.3 | 7.5 ± 1.7 | 6.8 ± 1.3 | <0.001a,c
|
Cardiac index (l/min/m2) | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 3.7 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.5 | <0.001a,b,c
|
Stroke volume (ml) | 61.8 ± 15.1 | 80.3 ± 13.3 | 85.5 ± 14.8 | <0.001a,c
|
Indexed stroke volume (ml/m2) | 37.7 ± 7.5 | 40.4 ± 7.7 | 46.3 ± 6.8 | <0.001a
|
Heart rate (beats/min) | 77 ± 10 | 93 ± 12 | 79 ± 9 | <0.001a,b,c
|
Univariate |
P value | Multivariate |
P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Beta | Beta | |||
Age | −0.21 | 0.07 | −0.24 | 0.009 |
Male gender | 0.05 | 0.7 | ||
BMI | −0.07 | 0.6 | ||
Groups | ||||
Controls | 0.59 | <0.001 | – | – |
Down syndrome | −0.57 | <0.001 | −0.46 | 0.001 |
Non Down syndrome with ID | 0.05 | 0.7 | −0.13 | 0.2 |
LV end diastolic diameter | 0.62 | <0.001 | 0.33 | 0.009 |