Skip to main content
Log in

“They are there for you”: The Importance of Neighbourhood Friends to Children’s Well-Being

  • Published:
Child Indicators Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An understanding of children’s own perspectives on their relationships and experience is essential in developing a comprehensive ‘whole child’ perspective on well-being in all its domains. Eliciting authentic accounts of children’s experience requires an approach which positions children as key informants, central to the research enterprise. This article reports some of the findings of a neighbourhood based study which sought to explore aspects of children’s daily lives, particularly those autonomous spaces of childhood away from the gaze and direction of adults, within which children enact and transact their daily lives. The study findings reveal the children to be significant users of their neighbourhood with detailed local knowledge and expertise and a unique perspective on the opportunities and risks they encounter. Their social relationships, especially their friends and friendships, were found to be critical to their sense of satisfaction, in tandem with the opportunity the neighbourhood terrain afforded for physically active movement and play. Friends and friendship are experienced by children as essential to their well-being and play is the means by which they actualise this key relationship. Consistently the children named ‘space’ and ‘friends’ as the things that they most liked about their neighbourhood.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. The Child Friendly Cities initiative was established in 1996, in response to a number of emergent and developing trends i.e. the rapid growth in urbanisation worldwide, the growing recognition and acceptance of municipal and community responsibilities towards their citizens and the increased significance of cities and larger urban settlements within national political, social and economic systems.

References

  • Aldgate, J. (2006). Children, Development and Ecology. In J. Aldhgate, D. P. H. Jones, W. Rose, & C. Jeffrey (Eds.), The developing world of the child. London: Jessica Kingsley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asher, S. R., & Paquette, J. A. (2003). Loneliness and peer relations in childhood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(3), 75–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Attree, P. (2004). Growing up in disadvantage: A systematic review of the qualitative evidence. Child: Care, Health and Development, 30(6), 679–689.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Backett-Milburn, K., & Harden, J. (2004). How children and their families construct and negotiate risk, safety and danger. Childhood, 11(4), 429–447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, S., Hart, R., Satterthwaite, De La, Barra, X., & Missar, A. (1999). Cities for children-children’s rights, poverty and urban management. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd. and UNICEF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Arieh, A. (2005). ‘Where are the Children? Children’s Role in Measuring and Monitoring their Well-being. Social Indicators, 74(3), 235–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Arieh, A., Kaufman, H. N., Andrews, A., Goerge, R., Lee, B. J., & Aber, L. (2001). Measuring and monitoring children’s well-being. Dortrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, M., & Medrich, E. A. (1980). Children in four neighborhoods: The physical environment and its effect on play and play patterns. Environment and Behavior, 12(3), 320–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bendelow, G., & Mayall, B. (2002). Children’s emotional learning in primary schools. European Journal of Psychotherapy, Counselling and Health, 5(3), 291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berndt, T. J. (2004). Children’s friendships: Shifts over a half-century in perspectives on their development and their effects. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly-Journal of Developmental Psychology, 50(3), 206–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyden, J. (2003). Children under fire: Challenging assumptions about children’s resilience. Children, Youth and Environments, 13(1).

  • Bradshaw, J., Rees, G., Keung, A., & Goswami, H. (2010). The subjective well-being of children. In C. McAuley & W. Rose (Eds.), Child well-being: Understanding children’s lives. London: Jessica Kingsley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G., Klebanov, P. K., & Sealand, N. (1993). Do neighbourhoods influence child and adolescent development? American Journal of Sociology, 99, 353–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. (1998). ‘The Bio-ecological model of human development. In R. M. V. Lerner, W. Damon, & R. M. S. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology volume 1: Theoretical models of human development. Hoboken: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, A.-M., & Hanafin, S. (2005). Measuring child well-being: An inventory of key indicators, domains and indicator selection criteria to support the development of a National set of child well-being indicators. Dublin: The Stationery Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chawla, L. (Ed.). (2002). Growing up in an urbanising world. Paris: UNESCO Publishing and Earthscan Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, A., & Moss, P. (2001). Listening to young children - the mosaic approach. London: National Children’s Bureau and the Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collier, J., & Collier, M. (1986). Visual anthropology. Albuqerque: University of Mexico Press.

  • Corsaro, W. (1992). Interpretive reproduction in children’s peer cultures. Social Psychology Quarterly, 55(2), 160–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coulton, C. J., & Korbin, J. E. (2007). Indicators of child well-being through a neighbourhood lens. Social Indicators Research, 84, 349–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Department of Health and Children. (2000). Our children – their lives: The national children’s strategy. Dublin: The Stationery Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Driskell, D. (2002). Creating better cities with children and youth. London: UNESCO and Earthscan Publications Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fordham, K., & Stevenson-Hinde, J. (1999). Shyness, friendship quality, and adjustment during middle childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 40(5), 757–768.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freitas, A. L., & Downey, G. (1998). Resilience: A dynamic perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 22(2), 263–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilligan, R. (2000). Adversity, resilience and young people: The protective value of positive school and spare time experiences. Children and Society, 14(1), 37–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregg, P., Harkness, S., & Machin, S. (1999). Chid development and family income. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanafin, S., & Brooks, A. M. (2005). Report on the development of a national set of child well-being indicators. National children’s office. Dublin: The Stationery Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, R. (1979). Children’s experience of place. New York: Irvington Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, R. (2002). Containing children: Some lessons on planning for play from New York City. Environment and Urbanization, 14(2), 135–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartup, W. W. (1996). The company they keep: Friendships and their developmental significance. Child Development, 67(1), 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heft, H. (1988). Affordances of children’s environments: A functional approach to environmental description. Children’s Environments Quarterly, 5, 29–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, T. D., & Angel, R. J. (2005). Neighborhood disorder, psychological distress, and heavy drinking. Social Science and Medicine, 61(5), 965–975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillman, M., Adams, J., & Whitelegg, J. (1991). One false move: A study of children’s independent mobility. London: Policy Studies Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jack, G. (2006). The area and community components of children’s well-being. Children and Society, 20(5), 334–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jencks, C., & Mayer, S. E. (1990). The social consequences of growing up in a poor neighbourhood. In L. E. J. Lynn & M. G. H. McGreary (Eds.), Inner-city poverty in the United States. Washington: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenks, C. (2005). Childhood (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karsten, L., & Van Vliet, W. (2006). Increasing children’s freedom of movement: Introduction. Children, Youth and Environments, 16(1), 69–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, P., Hood, S., & Mayall, B. (1998). Children, parents and risk. Health and Social Care in the Community, 6(1), 16–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, C., Molcho, M., & Nic Gabhainn, S. (2009). Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) Ireland 2006 Middle Childhood Study: Socio-demographic patterns in health behaviours, risk behaviours, health outcomes and social contexts of young people’s health. Dublin: The Stationery Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korpela, K. (1996). Restorative qualities of favourite places. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 16, 221–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawhon, T. (1997). Encouraging Friendships among Children [Electronic Version]. Childhood Education, 69, 1–5. Retrieved 15th September 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, T., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2000). The neighborhoods they live in: The effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent outcomes. Psychol Bull, 126, 309–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McAuley, C., & Rose, W. (2010). Child well-being: Understanding children’s lives. London: Jessica Kingsley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malone, K. (2007). The bubble-wrap generation: Children growing up in walled gardens. Environmental Education Research, 13(4), 513–527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merriman, B., & Guerin, S. (2006). Using children’s drawings as data in child-centred research. Irish Journal of Psychology, 27, 48–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mesch, G. S., & Manor, O. (1998). Social ties, environmental perception and local attachment. Environment and Behaviour, 30(4), 504–519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R. (1986). Childhood’s domain: Play and place in child development. London: Croom Helm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, V. (2001). Conceptualising social capital in relation to the well-being of children and young people: A critical review. The Sociological Review, 47, 733–765.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, V. (2006). Understanding gender differences in context: implications for young children’s everyday lives. Children and Society, 20(2), 92–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulvihill, C., Rivers, K., & Aggleton, P. (2000). A qualitative study investigating the views of primary-school children and parents on physical activity. Health Education Journal, 59, 166–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, A., McCrory, C., Thornton, M., Williams, J., Quail, A., Swords, L., Doyle, E., & Harris, E. (2011). Growing up in Ireland national longitudinal study of children: Design, instrumentation and procedures for the child cohort. Dublin: Office of the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • NicGabhain, S., & Sixsmith, J. (2005). Children’s understanding of well-being, national children’s office. Dublin: The Stationery Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nic Gabhainn, S., & Sixsmith, J. (2006). Children photographing well-being: Facilitating participation in research. Children and Society, 20, 249–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OECD (2009) Doing Better for Children http://www.oecd.org/els/social/childwellbeing . Accessed 10/1/2012.

  • Ostberg, V. (2003). Children in classrooms: Peer status, status distribution and mental well-being. Social Science and Medicine, 56(1), 17–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1993). Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood: Links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology, 29(4), 611–621.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pink, S. (2001). Doing visual ethnography, images, media and representation in research. London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinkerton, J., & Dolan, P. (2007). Family support, social capital, resilience and adolescent coping. Child and Family Social Work, 12(3), 219–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prosser, J., & Schwartz, D. (1998). Photographs within the sociological research process. In J. Prosser (Ed.), Image-based research – a sourcebook for qualitative researchers. London: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prout, A. (2005). The future of childhood (Vol. 8). London: Routledge Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, K. (2004). Places for children - Children’s places. Childhood-a Global Journal of Child Research, 11(2), 155–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rennick, L., Beck, S., Cowie, H. and Crawford, J. (2011) Transport and health: a cross cutting summary of findings from the Good Places, Better Health processes. www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/348058/0124381.doc (accessed 10/1/2012)

  • Sancilio, M. F. M., Plumert, J. M., & Hartup, W. W. (1989). Friendship and aggressiveness as determinants of conflict outcomes in middle childhood. Developmental Psychology, 25(5), 812–819.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sellstrom, E., & Bremberg, S. (2006). The significance of neighbourhood context to child and adolescent health and well-being: A systematic review of multilevel studies. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 34, 544–554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shumow, L., Vandell, D. L., & Posner, J. (1999). Risk and resilience in the urban neighbourhood: Predictors of academic performance among low-income elementary school children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly-Journal of Developmental Psychology, 45(2), 309–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, P., Gilliland, J., & Irwin, J. I. (2007). Splashpads swings, and shade - Parents’ preferences for neighbourhood parks. Canadian Journal of Public Health-Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique, 98(3), 198–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tudge, J., & Hogan, D. (2005). An ecological approach to observations of children’s everyday lives. In S. Greene & D. Hogan (Eds.), Researching children’s experience: Approaches and methods. London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ungar, M., Dumond, C., & McDonald, W. (2005). Risk, resilience and outdoor programmes for at-risk children. Journal of Social Work, 5(3).

  • UNICEF (1996) The second UN Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) to make cities liveable places for all.( http://www.childfriendlycities.org/home.htm )

  • Valentine, G. (2004). Public space and the culture of childhood. London: Ashgate Publishing Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

I gratefully acknowledge the active participation of the children who made this study possible and whose expertise, enthusiasm, insight and generosity brought it to life. I also wish to thank the Principal and staff of the children’s school, who extended co-operation and hospitality unstintingly throughout. Thanks are also due to the children’s parents for their co-operation and support. Profound thanks are due to Professor Robbie Gilligan, School of Social Work and Social Policy, Trinity College whose supervision and guidance was intrinsic to the research process and its successful conclusion. This study was undertaken as part of the National Children’s Strategy Research Scholarship Programme through the Office of the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs and hosted by the Children’s Research Centre, Trinity College. Their support is gratefully acknowledged as is the support of The Irish Youth Foundation who provided grant-aid for the study materials.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Margaret Rogers.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rogers, M. “They are there for you”: The Importance of Neighbourhood Friends to Children’s Well-Being. Child Ind Res 5, 483–502 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-012-9146-6

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-012-9146-6

Keywords

Navigation