Abstract
Parental monitoring of adolescent social media activity was investigated in relation to adolescent mental health and self-perception. Monitoring was assessed from the perspective of parents and adolescents. Participants were 316 parent-adolescent dyads with adolescents ranging in age from 14 to 17 years. Factor analysis supported a 3-factor model of parent-reported parental monitoring with 2 factors (i.e., Control, Open Communication) showing adequate reliability. Adolescent-reported parental monitoring fell along 3 dimensions (i.e., Control, Open Communication, Following). Open Communication was associated with lower adolescent-reported loneliness, whereas parent-reported Control strategies were related to higher adolescent narcissism. Further, parental monitoring did not moderate the relation between adolescent social media use and mental health or self-perception. The results point to the potential benefits of open communication surrounding adolescent social media use, but further work is needed on the developmental role of parental monitoring in the association between social media use and adjustment.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data from this study are available from the first author upon request. In addition, the data are available online on the Open Science Framework (OSF) platform.
References
Abar, C. C., Jackson, K. M., Colby, S. M., & Barnett, N. P. (2015). Parent-child discrepancies in reports of parental monitoring and their relationship to adolescent alcohol-related behaviors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(9), 1688–1701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0143-6
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Augenstein, T. M., Thomas, S. A., Ehrlich, K. B., Daruwala, S., Reyes, S. M., Chrabaszcz, J. S., & De Los Reyes, A. (2016). Comparing multi-informant assessment measures of parental monitoring and their links with adolescent delinquent behavior. Parenting: Science and Practice, 16(3), 164–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2016.1158600
Barry C.T., Grafeman S. J., Adler K. K., & Pickard, J.D. (2007). The relations among narcissism, self-esteem, and delinquency in a sample of at-risk adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 30(6), 933-942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.12.003
Barry, C. T., Frick, P. J., & Killian, A. L. (2003). The relation of narcissism and self-esteem to conduct problems in children: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32(1), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.1207/15374420360533130
Barry, C. T., Loflin, D. C., & Doucette, H. (2015). Adolescent self-compassion: Associations with narcissism, self-esteem, aggression, and internalizing symptoms in at-risk males. Personality and Individual Differences, 77, 118–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.036
Barry, C. T., Briggs, S. M., & Sidoti, C. L. (2019). Adolescent and parent reports of aggression and victimization on social media: Associations with psychosocial adjustment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(8), 2286–2296.
Barry, C. T., Sidoti, C. L., Briggs, S. M., Reiter, S. R., & Lindsey, R. A. (2017). Adolescent social media use and mental health from adolescent and parent perspectives. Journal of Adolescence, 61, 1–11.
Barthorpe, A., Winstone, L., Mars, B., & Moran, P. (2020). Is social media screen time really associated with poor adolescent mental health? A time use diary study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 274, 864–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.106
Chang, C. J., Ohanessian, C. M., Ewing, E. S. K., Kobak, R., Diamond, G. S., & Herres, J. (2020). Attachment and adolescent-parent discrepancies in reports of family functioning among suicidal adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01566-7
Coyne, S. M., Rogers, A. A., Zurcher, J. D., Stockdale, L., & Booth, M. (2020). Does time spent using social media impact mental health?: an eight year longitudinal study. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 106160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106160
De Los Reyes, A., & Kazdin, A. E. (2004). Measuring informant discrepancies in clinical child research. Psychological Assessment, 16(3), 330–334. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.16.3.330
Feinstein, B. A., Hershenberg, R., Bhatia, V., Latack, J. A., Meuwly, N., & Davila, J. (2013). Negative social comparison on facebook and depressive symptoms. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 2(3), 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033111
Frick, P. J., Barry, C. T., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2020). Clinical assessment of child and adolescent personality and behavior (4th edition). New York: Springer.
Gilmour, J., Machin, T., Brownlow, C., & Jeffries, C. (2020). Facebook-based social support and health: a systematic review. Psychology of Popular Media, 9(3), 328–346. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000246
Glatz, T., Crowe, E., & Buchanan, C. M. (2018). Internet-specific parental self-efficacy: developmental differences and links to internet-specific mediation. Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 8–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.014
Guion, K., Mrug, & Windle, M. (2009). Predictive value of informant discrepancies in reports of parenting: relations to early adolescents’ adjustment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021800432380.pdf
Hadley, W., Hunter, H. L., Tolou-Shams, M., Lescano, C., Thompson, A., Donenberg, G., & Brown, L. K. (2011). Monitoring challenges: a closer look at parental monitoring, maternal psychopathology, and adolescent sexual risk. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(2), 319–323. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023109
Hawk, S. T., van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., van Lissa, C. J.,ter, & Bogt, T. F. M. (2019). Narcissistic adolescents’ attention-seeking following social rejection: Links with social media disclosure, problematic social media use, and smartphone stress. Computers in Human Behavior, 92, 65–75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.10.032
Heffer, T., Good, M., Daly, O., MacDonell, E., & Willoughby, T. (2019). The longitudinal association between social-media use and depressive symptoms among adolescents and young adults: an empirical reply to Twenge et al.(2018). Clinical Psychological Science, 7(3), 462–470. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702618812727
Jensen, M., George, M. J., Russell, M. R., & Odgers, C. L. (2019). Young adolescents’ digital technology use and mental health symptoms: little evidence of longitudinal or daily linkages. Clinical Psychological Science, 7(6), 1416–1433. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702619859336
Jones, J. D., Boyd, R. C., Calkins, M. E., Ahmed, A., Moore, T. M., Barzilay, R., & Gur, R. E. (2019). Parent-adolescent agreement about adolescents’ suicidal thoughts. Pediatrics, 143(2), https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-1771
Kapetanovic, S., & Boson, K. (2020). Discrepancies in parents’ and adolescents’ reports on parent-adolescent communication and associations to adolescents’ psychological health. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00911-0
Khurana, A., Bleakley, A., Jordan, A. B., & Romer, D. (2015). The protective effects of parental monitoring and internet restriction on adolescents’ risk of online harassment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(5), 1039–1047.
Liu, C., Ang, R. P., & Lwin, M. O. (2016). Influences of narcissism and parental mediation on adolescents’ textual and visual personal information disclosure on Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.060
Liu, D., Baumeister, R. F., Yang, C. C., & Hu, B. (2019). Digital communication media use and psychological well-being: a meta-analysis. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 24(5), 259–273. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmz013
Lo Cricchio, M. G., Pallandino, B. E., Eleftheriou, A., Nocentini, A., & Menesini, E. (2022). Parental mediation strategies and their role on youths’ online privacy disclosure and protection: a systematic review. European Psychologist, 27(2), 116–130. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000450
Modecki, K. L., Goldberg, R., Wisniewski, P., & Orben, A. (2021). What is digital parenting? A systematic review of past measurement and blueprint for the future. Perspectives on Psychological Science.
Mussweiler, T., Rüter, K., & Epstude, K. (2004). The ups and downs of social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6), 832–844. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.832
Orben, A., & Przybylski, A. K. (2019). Screens, teens, and psychological well-being: evidence from three time-use-diary studies. Psychological Science, 30(5), 682–696. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619830329
Oberst, U., Wegmann, E., Stodt, B., Brand, M., & Chamarro, A. (2017). Negative consequences from heaving social networking in adolescents: the mediating role of fear of missing out. Journal of Adolescence, 55, 51–60.
Nie, N. H., Hillygus, D. S., & Erbring, L. (2002). Internet use, interpersonal relations, and sociability: a time diary study. The internet in Everyday Life (pp. 215–243). Blackwell Publishers Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470774298.ch7
Nikken, P., & Jansz, J. (2014). Developing scales to measure parental mediation of young children’s internet use. Learning Media and Technology, 39(2), 250–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2013.782038
Padilla-Walker, L. M., Coyne, S. M., & Collier, K. M. (2016). Longitudinal relations between parental media monitoring and adolescent aggression, prosocial behavior, and externalizing problems. Journal of Adolescence, 46, 86–97.
Padilla-Walker, L. M., Coyne, S. M., Fraser, A. M., Dyer, W. J., & Yorgason, J. B. (2012). Parents and adolescents growing up in the digital age: latent growth curve analysis of proactive media monitoring. Journal of Adolescence, 35(5), 1153–1165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.005
Padilla-Walker, L. M., Stockdale, L. A., & McLean, R. D. (2019). Associations between parental media monitoring, media use, and internalizing symptoms during adolescence. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 9(4), 481–492.
Pérez-Fuentes, M. D., Jurado, M., Gázquez, M. D., Linares, J. J., Oropesa Ruiz, N. F., Simón Márquez, M. D., & Saracostti, M. Parenting practices, life satisfaction, and the role of self-esteem in adolescents.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(20),4045–4059. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16204045
Pew Research Center (2018). Social media use in 2018. http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/03/01/social-media-use-in-2018/
Pew Research Center (2022). Teens, social media, and technology. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2022/08/10/teens-social-media-and-technology-2022/
Pouwels, J. L., Valkenburg, P. M., Beyens, I., van Driel, I. I., & Keijsers, L. (2021). Social media use and friendship closeness in adolescents’ daily lives: an experience sampling study. Developmental Psychology, 57(2), 309–323.
Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K. DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 1841-1848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014
Raacke, J., & Bonds-Raacke, J. (2008). MySpace and Facebook: applying the uses and gratifications theory to exploring friend-networking sites. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(2), 169–174. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0056
Rodríguez-Meirinhos, A., Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B., Oliva, A., Brenning, K., & Antolín-Suárez, L. (2020). When is parental monitoring effective? A person-centered analysis of the role of autonomy-supportive and psychologically controlling parenting in referred and non-referred adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(1), 352–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01151-7
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rusby, J. C., Light, J. M., Crowley, R., & Westling, E. (2018). Influence of parent-youth relationship, parental monitoring, and parent substance use on adolescent substance use onset. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(3), 310–320. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000350
Russell, D. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 20-40. PMID: 8576833
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory. Basic psychological needs in motivation, development and wellness. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Sela, Y., Zach, M., Amichay-Hamburger, Y., Mishali, M., & Omer, H. (2020). Family environment and problematic internet use among adolescents: the mediating roles of depression and fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106226
Symons, K., Ponnet, K., Emmery, K., Walrave, M., & Heirman, W. (2017). Parental knowledge of adolescents’ online content and contact risks. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(2), 401–416.
Thorisdottir, I. E., Sigurvinsdottir, R., Kristjansson, A. L., Allegrante, J. P., Lilly, C. L., & Sigfusdottir, I. D. (2020). Longitudinal association between social media use and psychological distress among adolescents. Preventative Medicine, 141, 106270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106270
Thomaes, S., Bushman, B. J., Orobio de Castro, B., Cohen, G. L., & Denissen, J. J. Reducing narcissistic aggression by buttressing self-esteem: an experimental field study. Psychological Science, 20(12), 1536-1542. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02478.x
Twenge, J. M., Joiner, T. E., Rogers, M. L., & Martin, G. N. (2018). Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among US adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702617723376
Twenge, J. M., Blake, A. B., Haidt, J., & Campbell, W. K. (2020). Commentary: screens, teens, and psychological well-being: evidence from three time-use-diary studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 181. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00181
Van Ryzan, M. J., & Dishion, T. J. (2012). The impact of a family-centered intervention on the ecology of adolescent antisocial behavior: modeling developmental sequelae and trajectories during adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 24(3), 1139–1155. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579412000582
Vannucci, A., Simpson, E. G., Gagnon, S., & Ohannessian, C. M. (2020). Social media use and risky behaviors in adolescents: a meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 79, 258–274.
Vuorre, M., Orben, A., & Przybylski, A. K. (2021). There is no evidence that associations between adolescents’ digital technology engagement and mental health problems have increased. Clinical Psychological Science, 9(5), 823–835. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702621994549
Williams, A. L., & Merten, M. J. (2011). iFamily: internet and social media technology in the family context. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 40, 150–170.
Funding
There is no funding to report for this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Barry, C.T., Kim, H. Parental monitoring of adolescent social media use: relations with adolescent mental health and self-perception. Curr Psychol 43, 2473–2485 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04434-2
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04434-2