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Adverse effects of meditation: A review of observational, experimental and case studies

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Abstract

Despite numerous benefits of practicing meditation, a growing body of evidence posits possible detrimental effects on one’s mental health and well-being. As meditation’s popularity is steadily increasing in the general population, it is critical to assess, discuss and educate the public of any possible risks associated with available practices. Here, we review existing literature on the adverse effects (AEs) of meditation in non-clinical samples. Relevant original research articles were found through various academic search engines. The bibliographies of the selected studies were reviewed to identify additional articles of interest. A total of 39 studies were retained. These articles were divided into one of three categories: Observational (n = 19), Experimental (n = 9), or Case Studies (n = 11). AEs varied substantially across the studies, yet trends were identified. Common AEs included affective difficulties, distorted senses of self, derealization, hallucinations, delusions, interpersonal challenges, and susceptibility to false memory. Other AEs that were less commonly reported are also summarized. Meditation-related AEs in non-clinical samples are apparent in the literature. We discuss how the perceived valence of a meditative experience can vary, particularly if the experience is considered beyond the secular framework. We conclude that the general public should be aware of any potential effects derived from meditation in order to assert the meditation community’s safety and well-being.

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Data Availability

This is a narrative review. There were no data collected in the study. The search strategy and results of the search are all included in this published article and in its supplementary information file.

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Acknowledgments

This research was funded by a grant from the Psychological Health and Well-Being Cluster at Bishop’s University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Bishop’s University, 2600 College Street, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada

    D. Lambert, N. H. van den Berg & A. Mendrek

  2. School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

    N. H. van den Berg

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  1. D. Lambert
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  2. N. H. van den Berg
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  3. A. Mendrek
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Correspondence to A. Mendrek.

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Lambert, D., van den Berg, N.H. & Mendrek, A. Adverse effects of meditation: A review of observational, experimental and case studies. Curr Psychol 42, 1112–1125 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01503-2

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