Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Positive personality: Relationships among mindful and grateful personality traits with quality of life and health outcomes

  • Published:
Current Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The positive personality traits/human strengths mindfulness and gratitude are attracting increasing attention in the literature. Two separate studies were undertaken to evaluate quality of life and health outcomes in individuals who are more mindful and more grateful versus those who are not mindful and not grateful. In study 1, 315 male soldiers completed standardized scales of mindfulness (MAAS), gratitude (GQ-6), general health, life satisfaction, quality of life, insomnia severity, and perceived stress. Participants were divided into three groups: a high dispositional mindfulness/gratitude group (high mindfulness/gratitude individuals), a low dispositional mindfulness/gratitude group (low mindfulness/gratitude individuals), and a moderate dispositional mindfulness/gratitude group (medium mindfulness/gratitude individuals). Data were analyzed using a series of multivariate analyses of variance. The results showed significant differences in quality of life, life satisfaction, perceived stress, mental health, insomnia, gratitude, and mindfulness among the high mindfulness, medium mindfulness, and low mindfulness groups, as well as among individuals in the high gratitude, medium gratitude, and low gratitude groups (p < 0.001). For study 2, data were collected from 432 college students (207 female) who completed the mindfulness (MAAS), self-regulation, and psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety, and stress; DASS-21) scales. The results showed significant differences in level of depression, anxiety, stress, and self-regulation among individuals in the high mindfulness, medium mindfulness, and low mindfulness groups (p < 0.001). Moreover, the results of both studies indicated that the rate and pattern of relationships between mindfulness and/or gratitude with the variables under investigation were different according to the individuals’ personality type (i.e., high/low mindfulness traits and high/low gratitude traits). Together, the results of these studies indicate that individuals with more mindful and grateful traits enjoy a higher quality of life and more physical and psychological well-being.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alizadeh-Navaei, R., & Hosseini, S. H. (2014). Mental health status of Iranian students until 2011: A systematic review. Clinical Excellence, 2(1), 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Areias, M. E. G., Gomes, L., Cerqueira, D., Pinto, C., Vieira, P., Freitas, I., et al. (2014). PW343 psychosocial morbidity in adolescents and young adults with congenital heart disease: Psychosocial adjustment, psychiatric morbidity, quality of life and school performance may be affected, but social support and traits of personality play an important role in resilience. Global Heart, 9(1), e329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R. A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 125–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagheri Yazdi, S. A., Bolhari, J., & Peyravi, H. (1995). Mental health status of newly admitted students to Tehran University at 1994-1995 academic year. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 1(4), 30–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bajaj, B., & Pande, N. (2016). Mediating role of resilience in the impact of mindfulness on life satisfaction and affect as indices of subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 63–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bao, X., Xue, S., & Kong, F. (2015). Dispositional mindfulness and perceived stress: The role of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 78, 48–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhullar, N., Surman, G., & Schutte, N. S. (2015). Dispositional gratitude mediates the relationship between a past-positive temporal frame and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 52–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, Q. M., Fullerton, C. S., McCarroll, J. E., Liu, X., Wang, L., Dacuyan, N. M., et al. (2016). Early intervention for post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and quality of life in mortuary affairs soldiers postdeployment. Military Medicine, 181(11), 1553–1560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segsl, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodenlos, J. S., Wells, S. Y., Noonan, M., & Mayrsohn, A. (2015). Facets of dispositional mindfulness and health among college students. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 21(10), 645–652.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bravo, A. J., Boothe, L. G., & Pearson, M. R. (2016). Getting personal with mindfulness: A latent profile analysis of mindfulness and psychological outcomes. Mindfulness, 7(2), 420–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bravo, A. J., Pearson, M. R., & Kelley, M. L. (2018). Mindfulness and psychological health outcomes: A latent profile analysis among military personnel and college students. Mindfulness, 9(1), 258–270.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, J. L., Young, C. M., Lucas, S., & Quist, M. C. (2016). Should I say thank you? Gratitude encourages cognitive reappraisal and buffers the negative impact of ambivalence over emotional expression on depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 120(1), 253–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casey, G. W., Jr. (2011). Comprehensive soldier fitness: A vision for psychological resilience in the US Army. American Psychologist, 66(1), 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, H., & Miao, Y. (2008). A study on positive personality. Journal of Beijing Institute of Education (Natural Science Edition), 2, 005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, L. H., Wu, C. H., & Chang, J. H. (2017). Gratitude and athletes’ life satisfaction: The moderating role of mindfulness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(4), 1147–1159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christopher, M. S., & Gilbert, B. D. (2010). Incremental validity of components of mindfulness in the prediction of satisfaction with life and depression. Current Psychology, 29(1), 10–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cillessen, L., van de Ven, M. O., & Karremans, J. (2017). The role of trait mindfulness in quality of life and asthma control among adolescents with asthma. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 99, 143–148.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The social psychology of health: Claremont symposium on applied social psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeNeve, K. M., & Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 197–229.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diehl, M., Semegon, A. B., & Schwarzer, R. (2006). Assessing attention control in goal pursuit: A component of dispositional self-regulation. Journal of Personality Assessment, 86(3), 306–317.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duan, W. (2016). Mediation role of individual strengths in dispositional mindfulness and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 99, 7–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, R. J., Bradley, G., & Morrissey, S. (2014). Positive predispositions, quality of life and chronic illness. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 19(4), 473–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekblad, A. G. (2009). Effects of mindfulness training on emotion regulation and attention (doctoral dissertation). Durham: Duke University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377–389.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, R. A., & Shelton, C. M. (2002). Gratitude and the science of positive psychology. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 459-471). New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press.

  • Fallahi Khesht Masjedi, M., & Pasandideh, M. M. (2016). Psychometric properties of satisfaction with life scale in psychiatric patients. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 22(2), 147–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forti, A. M., Cashwell, C. S., & Henson, R. (2016). Mindfulness and quality of life in cancer survivors: The mediating role of self-kindness and alexithymia. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 38(4), 346–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, K. C. (2007). Stress, health, and mindfulness: Exploring relationships and mechanisms using self-report measures (doctoral dissertation). Hamilton: University of Waikato.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gable, S. L., & Haidt, J. (2005). What (and why) is positive psychology? Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 103–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garland, E., Gaylord, S., & Park, J. (2009). The role of mindfulness in positive reappraisal. Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing, 5(1), 37–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., & Weathington, B. L. (2009). Mindfulness in Iran and the United States: Cross-cultural structural complexity and parallel relationships with psychological adjustment. Current Psychology, 28(4), 211–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, D., & Williams, P. (1988). A user’s guide to the general health questionnaire. Windsor, UK: NFER-Nelson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagger, M. S. (2009). Personality, individual differences, stress and health. Stress and Health, 25(5), 381–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, R. (2009). Mindfulness without meditation. http://www.actmindfully.com.au/upimages/Mindfulness_without_meditation_%2D%2D_Russ_Harris_%2D%2D_HCPJ_Oct_09.pdf. Accessed 15 October 2016.

  • Hashemi, R., Moustafa, A. A., Rahmati Kankat, L., & Valikhani, A. (2017). Mindfulness and suicide ideation in Iranian cardiovascular patients: Testing the mediating role of patience. Psychological Reports.

  • Heidari, A., Ehteshamzadeh, P., & Marashi, M. (2010). Relationship between the insomnia severity, quality of sleep, sleepiness, and mental health with academic function in girls. Woman and Culture, 1(4), 65–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, P. L., Allemand, M., & Roberts, B. W. (2013). Examining the pathways between gratitude and self-rated physical health across adulthood. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(1), 92–96.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hillson, J. M. C. (1997). An investigation of positive individualism and positive relations with others: Dimensions of positive personality (doctoral dissertation). Canada: The University of Western Ontario.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobbi, M. B., Malmir, M., Zare, M., & Hobbi, Z. (2014). Prevalence of depression and anxiety among soldiers and its association with attachment styles. Journal of Military Psychology, 5(18), 51–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoge, E. A., Bui, E., Palitz, S. A., Schwarz, N. R., Owens, M. E., Johnston, J. M., et al. (2017). The effect of mindfulness meditation training on biological acute stress responses in generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Research, 262, 328–332.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, I., Wollny, A., Sim, C. W., & Horsch, A. (2016). Mindfulness facets, trait emotional intelligence, emotional distress, and multiple health behaviors: A serial two-mediator model. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 57(3), 207–214.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jedel, S., Merriman, P., Hoffman, A., Swanson, B., Fogg, L. F., & Keshavarzian, A. (2013). Relationship of mindfulness, quality of life, and psychiatric symptoms among patients with ulcerative colitis. Mindfulness, 4(4), 296–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life (1st ed.). New York: Hachette Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kashdan, T. B., Uswatte, G., & Julian, T. (2006). Gratitude and hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in Vietnam war veterans. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(2), 177–199.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keng, S. L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 1041–1056.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kong, F., Wang, X., & Zhao, J. (2014). Dispositional mindfulness and life satisfaction: The role of core self-evaluations. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 165–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraemer, K. M., O’Bryan, E. M., & McLeish, A. C. (2016). Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of the relationship between mindfulness and health anxiety. Mindfulness, 7(4), 859–865.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krause, N., Emmons, R. A., & Ironson, G. (2015). Benevolent images of god, gratitude, and physical health status. Journal of Religion and Health, 54(4), 1503–1519.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lashani, Z., Shairi, M. R., & Panahi Talestani, S. (2014). The validity and reliability of the Persian version of gratitude scale (GQ-6) in non-clinical samples. Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 3(12), 38–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, E. H. (2012). Review of the psychometric evidence of the perceived stress scale. Asian Nursing Research, 6(4), 121–127.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. Y., Kim, S. Y., Bae, K. Y., Kim, J. M., Shin, I. S., Yoon, J. S., & Kim, S. W. (2018). The association of gratitude with perceived stress and burnout among male firefighters in Korea. Personality and Individual Differences, 123, 205–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, C. C. (2015). Gratitude and depression in young adults: The mediating role of self-esteem and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 30–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, C. C. (2016). The roles of social support and coping style in the relationship between gratitude and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 89, 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.032.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Q. Q., Zhou, Z. K., Yang, X. J., Kong, F. C., Sun, X. J., & Fan, C. Y. (2018). Mindfulness and sleep quality in adolescents: Analysis of rumination as a mediator and self-control as a moderator. Personality and Individual Differences, 122, 171–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scale. Sydney: The Psychology Foundation of Australia Inc..

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubell, K. M., & Vetter, J. B. (2006). Suicide and youth violence prevention: The promise of an integrated approach. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11(2), 167–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma, M., Kibler, J. L., & Sly, K. (2013). Gratitude is associated with greater levels of protective factors and lower levels of risks in African American adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 36(5), 983–991.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mandal, S. P., Arya, Y. K., & Pandey, R. (2012). Mental health and mindfulness: Mediational role of positive and negative affect. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health, 19(2), 150–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, P. D., Williamson, D. A., Alfonso, A. J., & Ryan, D. H. (2006). Psychological adjustment during Army basic training. Military Medicine, 171(2), 157–160.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • May, L. M., & Reinhardt, K. M. (2018). Self-other agreement in the assessment of mindfulness using the five-facet mindfulness questionnaire. Mindfulness, 9(1), 105–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (2008). The five-factor theory of personality. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 159–181). New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, M. E., & Snyder, C. R. (2000). Classical source of human strength: Revisiting an old home and building a new one. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 112–127.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, M. E., Tsang, J. A., & Emmons, R. A. (2004a). Gratitude in intermediate affective terrain: Links of grateful moods to individual differences and daily emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 295–309.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, P. J., Redwine, L., Wilson, K., Pung, M. A., Chinh, K., Greenberg, B. H., Lunde, O., Maisel, A., Raisinghani, A., Wood, A., & Chopra, D. (2015). The role of gratitude in spiritual well-being in asymptomatic heart failure patients. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 2(1), 5–17.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mirghafourvand, M., Mohammadi, A., Effati Daryani, F., Khavoshi, N., & Zarei, S. (2015). Sociodemographic predictors of mental health in Tehran’s soldiers 2012-2013. Journal of Military Medicine, 17(2), 81–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montazeri, A., Harirchi, A. M., Shariati, M., Garmaroudi, G., Ebadi, M., & Fateh, A. (2003). The 12-item general health questionnaire (GHQ-12): Translation and validation study of the Iranian version. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 1(1), 66.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morin, C. M. (1993). Insomnia: Psychological assessment and management. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morin, C. M., Belleville, G., Bélanger, L., & Ivers, H. (2011). The insomnia severity index: Psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep, 34(5), 601–608.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, M. J., Mermelstein, L. C., Edwards, K. M., & Gidycz, C. A. (2012). The benefits of dispositional mindfulness in physical health: A longitudinal study of female college students. Journal of American College Health, 60(5), 341–348.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nedjat, S., Montazeri, A., Holakouie, K., Mohammad, K., & Majdzadeh, R. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Iranian interview-administered version of the World Health Organization's quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF): A population-based study. BMC Health Services Research, 8(1), 61.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Newmark, L. M. (2014). Delusional ideation, mindfulness, and quality of life in a community sample (doctoral dissertation). Chicago: Illinois Institute of Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nezlek, J. B., Holas, P., Rusanowska, M., & Krejtz, I. (2016). Being present in the moment: Event-level relationships between mindfulness and stress, positivity, and importance. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, K., Dockray, S., & Hammond, S. (2016). Positive prenatal well-being: Conceptualising and measuring mindfulness and gratitude in pregnancy. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 19(4), 665–673.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Connell, B. H., O'Shea, D., & Gallagher, S. (2016). Mediating effects of loneliness on the gratitude-health link. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 179–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozer, D. J., & Benet-Martinez, V. (2006). Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 401–421.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, A., & Rodger, S. (2009). Mindfulness, stress, and coping among university students. Canadian Journal of Counseling, 43(3), 198–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2006). Character strengths in fifty-four nations and the fifty US states. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 118–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, C. (2006). The Values in Action (VIA) classification of strengths. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. S. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), A life worth living: Contributions to positive psychology (pp. 29–48). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Character strength and virtues. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raghebian, M., Nasireian, M., & Zarch, M. K. (2015). The effectiveness of group training of mindfulness on quality of life in type 2 diabetic patients. Iranian Journal of Diabetes & Obesity, 7(1), 28–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahmati, M., Rahmani, S., Akbarzadeh Baghban, A., Fathollahzadeh, F., & Gharibnavaz, P. (2015). Investigation of relationship between quality of sleep and mental health of rehabilitation sciences students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 4(3), 147–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajabi, S., Narimani, M., & Basari, A. (2013). Evaluation and comparison of mental health statues a policemen and military personnel. Journal of Military Psychology, 4(13), 32–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ren, J., & Ye, H. S. (2005). The development of positive psychology on the research of positive personality. Journal of Central China Normal University (Humanities and Social Sciences), 4, 020.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, K. C., & Danoff-Burg, S. (2010). Mindfulness and health behaviors: is paying attention good for you?. Journal of American college health, 59(3), 165–173.

  • Rosenzweig, S., Greeson, J. M., Reibel, D. K., Green, J. S., Jasser, S. A., & Beasley, D. (2010). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for chronic pain conditions: Variation in treatment outcomes and role of home meditation practice. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 68(1), 29–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruini, C., & Vescovelli, F. (2013). The role of gratitude in breast cancer: Its relationships with post-traumatic growth, psychological well-being and distress. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(1), 263–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Safaei, M., & Shokri, O. (2014). Assessing stress in cancer patients: Factorial validity of the perceived stress scale in Iran. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 2(1), 13–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahebi, A., Asghari, M. J., & Salari, R. S. (2005). Validation of depression anxiety and stress scale for an Iranian population. Developmental Psychology, 1(4), 299–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2010). Gratitude and well being: The benefits of appreciation. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 7(11), 18–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schirda, B., Nicholas, J. A., & Prakash, R. S. (2015). Examining trait mindfulness, emotion dysregulation, and quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Health Psychology, 34(11), 1107–1115.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schrnitz, N., Kruse, J., & Tress, W. (1999). Psychometric properties of the general health questionnaire (GHQ-12) in a German primary care sample. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100(6), 462–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schueller, S. M. (2012). Positive psychology. In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (2nd ed., pp. 140–147). San Diego: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schut, D. M., & Boelen, P. A. (2017). The relative importance of rumination, experiential avoidance and mindfulness as predictors of depressive symptoms. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 6(1), 8–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzer, R., Diehl, M., & Schmitz, G. S. (1999). Self-Regulation. Retrieved from http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/health/selfreg_e.htm.

  • Seligman, M. E. (2002). Positive psychology, positive prevention, and positive therapy. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 3–12). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheikhi, M., Hooman, H. A., Ahadi, H., & Sepahmansour, M. (2011). Psychometric properties of satisfaction with life scale. Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 5(19), 15–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, K. M., & King, L. (2001). Why positive psychology is necessary. American Psychologist, 56(3), 216–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stockton, J. G., Tucker, R. P., Kleiman, E. M., & Wingate, L. R. (2016). How does gratitude affect the relationship between positive humor styles and suicide-related outcomes? Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 240–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toussaint, L., Sirois, F., Hirsch, J., Weber, A., Vajda, C., Schelling, J., Kohls, N., & Offenbacher, M. (2017). Gratitude mediates quality of life differences between fibromyalgia patients and healthy controls. Quality of Life Research, 26(9), 2449–2457.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valikhani, A. (2015). Dimensional examination of the personality pathology based on the triad model of personality self-regulation and the casual role of attachment disorders in this relationship (Unpublished master's thesis). Shiraz: Shiraz University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valikhani, A., Goodarzi, M. A., & Hashemi, R. (2017). Psychometric properties of dispositional self-regulation scale in Iranian population and predicting inhibitory/initiatory self-control on the basis of it. Current Psychology, 1–11.

  • Van Dusen, J. P., Tiamiyu, M. F., Kashdan, T. B., & Elhai, J. D. (2015). Gratitude, depression and PTSD: Assessment of structural relationships. Psychiatry Research, 230(3), 867–870.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, P. C., Woodward, K., Stone, T., & Kolts, R. L. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: Development of a measure of gratitude, and relationships with subjective well-being. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 31(5), 431–451.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHOQOL Group. (1996). WHOQOL-BREF: Introduction, administration, scoring and generic version of the assessment. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whoqol Group. (1998). Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychological Medicine, 28(3), 551–558.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, S. G., Collen, J., Wickwire, E., Lettieri, C. J., & Mysliwiec, V. (2014). The impact of sleep on soldier performance. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(8), 459.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. (2007a). Coping style as a psychological resource of grateful people. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26(9), 1076–1093.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A., Joseph, S., & Linley, A. (2007b). Gratitude-Parent of all virtues. Psychologist-Leicester, 20(1), 18–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., & Maltby, J. (2008a). Gratitude uniquely predicts satisfaction with life: Incremental validity above the domains and facets of the five factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(1), 49–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Gillett, R., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008b). The role of gratitude in the development of social support, stress, and depression: Two longitudinal studies. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(4), 854–871.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., Lloyd, J., & Atkins, S. (2009a). Gratitude influences sleep through the mechanism of pre-sleep cognitions. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 66(1), 43–48.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., & Maltby, J. (2009b). Gratitude predicts psychological well-being above the big five facets. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 443–447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 890–905.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wrosch, C., & Scheier, M. F. (2003). Personality and quality of life: The importance of optimism and goal adjustment. Quality of Life Research, 12, 59–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yun, J. W., & Wee, H. (2016). A study on death anxiety, death preparation, gratitude and quality of life among Korean baby-boom generation women. Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 25(3), 207–216.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Institute of Life Style, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Esfandiar Azad Marzabadi

  2. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Paul J. Mills

  3. Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Education and Psychology, College of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

    Ahmad Valikhani

Authors
  1. Esfandiar Azad Marzabadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Paul J. Mills
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ahmad Valikhani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ahmad Valikhani.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Azad Marzabadi, E., Mills, P.J. & Valikhani, A. Positive personality: Relationships among mindful and grateful personality traits with quality of life and health outcomes. Curr Psychol 40, 1448–1465 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0080-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0080-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation