Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Perceived Stress as a Mediator of the Relationship between Neuroticism and Depression and Anxiety Symptoms

  • Published:
Current Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Although major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the main causes of global disease burden, there is little evidence about the association between personality traits and depressive symptoms in Latin America. The aim of this study was to examine the possibility that perceived stress might be a mediator of the association between neuroticism and depressive and anxious symptoms. Two hundred seventy four Colombian subjects (mean age 21.3 years) were evaluated with the short version of the Big Five Inventory (BFI-S), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (ZSAS) and the Perceived Stress Scale-10. Both neuroticism and perceived stress were significantly correlated with higher scores in depressive and anxious symptoms (p < 0.01). Perceived stress was a significant mediator of the relationship between neurotic trait and depressive and anxious symptoms. Our results are one of the first descriptions of the role of perceived stress as a mediator of the association between neuroticism and psychological distress. These findings are of particular importance, in the context of the need for more evidence about the psychosocial risk factors for MDD in Latin America.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aalto-Setala, T., Marttunen, M., Tuulio-Henriksson, A., Poikolainen, K., & Lonnqvist, J. (2001). One-month prevalence of depression and other DSM-IV disorders among young adults. Psychological Medicine, 31(5), 791–801.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abbasi, I. S. (2016). The role of neuroticism in the maintenance of chronic baseline stress perception and negative affect. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 19, E9. doi:10.1017/sjp.2016.7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adan, A., Navarro, J. F., & Forero, D. A. (2016). Personality profile of binge drinking in university students is modulated by sex. A study using the alternative five factor model. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 165, 120–125. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.05.015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arrivillaga Quintero, M., Cortés García, C., Goicochea Jiménez, V. L., & Lozano Ortíz, T. M. (2004). Caracterización de la depresión en jóvenes universitarios. Universitas Psychologica, 3(1), 17–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Arlington: American Psychiatric Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Barnhofer, T., & Chittka, T. (2010). Cognitive reactivity mediates the relationship between neuroticism and depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(4), 275–281. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.12.005.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bergdahl, J., & Bergdahl, M. (2002). Perceived stress in adults: prevalence and association of depression, anxiety and medication in a Swedish population. Stress and Health, 18(5), 235–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bovier, P. A., Chamot, E., & Perneger, T. V. (2004). Perceived stress, internal resources, and social support as determinants of mental health among young adults. Quality of Life Research, 13(1), 161–170.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bromet, E., Andrade, L. H., Hwang, I., Sampson, N. A., Alonso, J., de Girolamo, G., et al. (2011). Cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV major depressive episode. BMC Medicine, 9, 90. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-9-90.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Campo-Arias, A., Díaz-Martínez, L. A., Rueda-Jaimes, G. E., Cadena-Afanador, L. d. P., & Hernández, N. L. (2007). Psychometric properties of the CES-D scale among Colombian adults from the general population. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 36(4), 664–674.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campo-Arias, A., Oviedo, H. C., & Herazo, E. (2014). Escala de Estrés Percibido-10: Desempeño psicométrico en estudiantes de medicina de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Revista de la Facultad de Medicina, 62(3), 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Gomà-i-Freixanet, M., Furnham, A., & Muro, A. (2009). Personality, self-estimated intelligence, and uses of music: a Spanish replication and extension using structural equation modeling. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 3(3), 149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conard, M. A., & Matthews, R. A. (2008). Modeling the stress process: personality eclipses dysfunctional cognitions and workload in predicting stress. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(1), 171–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costa Jr., P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980). Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(4), 668–678.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De La Ossa, S., Martinez, Y., Herazo, E., & Campo, A. (2009). Study of internal consistency and factor structure of three versions of the Zung's rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Colombia Médica, 40(1), 71–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demyttenaere, K., Bruffaerts, R., Posada-Villa, J., Gasquet, I., Kovess, V., Lepine, J. P., et al. (2004). Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization world mental health surveys. JAMA, 291(21), 2581–2590. doi:10.1001/jama.291.21.2581.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diehr, P. H., Derleth, A. M., McKenna, S. P., Martin, M. L., Bushnell, D. M., Simon, G., et al. (2006). Synchrony of change in depressive symptoms, health status, and quality of life in persons with clinical depression. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 4, 27. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-4-27.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ebstrup, J. F., Eplov, L. F., Pisinger, C., & Jorgensen, T. (2011). Association between the five factor personality traits and perceived stress: is the effect mediated by general self-efficacy? Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 24(4), 407–419. doi:10.1080/10615806.2010.540012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrari, A. J., Charlson, F. J., Norman, R. E., Patten, S. B., Freedman, G., Murray, C. J., et al. (2013). Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS Medicine, 10(11), e1001547. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001547.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Galvez, J. M., Forero, D. A., Fonseca, D. J., Mateus, H. E., Talero-Gutierrez, C., & Velez-van-Meerbeke, A. (2014). Evidence of association between SNAP25 gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a Latin American sample. Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 6(1), 19–23. doi:10.1007/s12402-013-0123-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Alvarez, R. (1986). Epidemiology of depression in Latin America. Psychopathology, 19(Suppl. 2), 22–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez-Giraldo, Y., Camargo, A., Lopez-Leon, S., & Forero, D. A. (2015). No association of BDNF, COMT, MAOA, SLC6A3, and SLC6A4 genes and depressive symptoms in a sample of healthy Colombian subjects. Depression Research and Treatment, 2015, 145483. doi:10.1155/2015/145483.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, R. D., & Gotlib, I. H. (2004). Gender differences in depression: the role of personality factors. Psychiatry Research, 126(2), 135–142. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2003.12.024.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griffith, J. W., Zinbarg, R. E., Craske, M. G., Mineka, S., Rose, R. D., Waters, A. M., et al. (2010). Neuroticism as a common dimension in the internalizing disorders. Psychological Medicine, 40(7), 1125–1136. doi:10.1017/S0033291709991449.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hakulinen, C., Elovainio, M., Pulkki-Raback, L., Virtanen, M., Kivimaki, M., & Jokela, M. (2015). Personality and depressive symptoms: individual participant meta-analysis of 10 cohort studies. Depression and Anxiety, 32(7), 461–470. doi:10.1002/da.22376.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hamad, R., Fernald, L. C., Karlan, D. S., & Zinman, J. (2008). Social and economic correlates of depressive symptoms and perceived stress in south African adults. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62(6), 538–544. doi:10.1136/jech.2007.066191.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harenski, C. L., Kim, S. H., & Hamann, S. (2009). Neuroticism and psychopathy predict brain activation during moral and nonmoral emotion regulation. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 9(1), 1–15. doi:10.3758/cabn.9.1.1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83 discussion 83-135. doi:10.1017/S0140525X0999152X.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez, H. G., Mahecha, M. F., Mejia, A., Arboleda, H., & Forero, D. A. (2014). Global long interspersed nuclear element 1 DNA methylation in a Colombian sample of patients with late-onset Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, 29(1), 50–53. doi:10.1177/1533317513505132.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hernández-Pozo, M., Macías, D., Calleja, N., Cerezo, S., & del Valle Chauvet, C. (2008). Propiedades psicométricas del Inventario Zung del Estado de Ansiedad con mexicanos. Psychologia. Avances de la disciplina, 2(2), 19–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrero, M. J., Blanch, J., Peri, J. M., De Pablo, J., Pintor, L., & Bulbena, A. (2003). A validation study of the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) in a Spanish population. General Hospital Psychiatry, 25(4), 277–283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., & Mosher, S. W. (1992). The perceived stress scale: factor structure and relation to depression symptoms in a psychiatric sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 14(3), 247–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinz, A., Finck, C., Gomez, Y., Daig, I., Glaesmer, H., & Singer, S. (2014). Anxiety and depression in the general population in Colombia: reference values of the hospital Anxiety and depression scale (HADS). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(1), 41–49. doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0714-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim, A. K., Kelly, S. J., Adams, C. E., & Glazebrook, C. (2013). A systematic review of studies of depression prevalence in university students. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(3), 391–400. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.11.015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendler, K. S., Kessler, R. C., Walters, E. E., MacLean, C., Neale, M. C., Heath, A. C., et al. (1995). Stressful life events, genetic liability, and onset of an episode of major depression in women. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(6), 833–842. doi:10.1176/ajp.152.6.833.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendler, K. S., Kuhn, J., & Prescott, C. A. (2004). The interrelationship of neuroticism, sex, and stressful life events in the prediction of episodes of major depression. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(4), 631–636. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.4.631.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Matthias, A., Anthony, J. C., De Graaf, R., Demyttenaere, K., Gasquet, I., et al. (2007). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization’s world mental health survey initiative. World Psychiatry, 6(3), 168–176.

  • Kim, H. Y. (2013). Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, 38(1), 52–54. doi:10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H. J., & Abraham, I. (2016). Psychometric comparison of single-item, short, and comprehensive depression screening measures in Korean young adults. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 56, 71–80. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.12.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S. E., Kim, H. N., Cho, J., Kwon, M. J., Chang, Y., Ryu, S., et al. (2016). Direct and indirect effects of five factor personality and gender on depressive symptoms mediated by perceived stress. PloS One, 11(4), e0154140. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154140.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kotov, R., Gamez, W., Schmidt, F., & Watson, D. (2010). Linking “big” personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136(5), 768–821. doi:10.1037/a0020327.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kupfer, D. J., Frank, E., & Phillips, M. L. (2012). Major depressive disorder: new clinical, neurobiological, and treatment perspectives. Lancet, 379(9820), 1045–1055. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60602-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lahey, B. B. (2009). Public health significance of neuroticism. The American Psychologist, 64(4), 241–256. doi:10.1037/a0015309.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, F. R., John, D., Ludtke, O., Schupp, J., & Wagner, G. G. (2011). Short assessment of the big five: robust across survey methods except telephone interviewing. Behavior Research Methods, 43(2), 548–567. doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0066-z.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Leach, L. S., Christensen, H., Mackinnon, A. J., Windsor, T. D., & Butterworth, P. (2008). Gender differences in depression and anxiety across the adult lifespan: the role of psychosocial mediators. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43(12), 983–998. doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0388-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, E. H. (2012). Review of the psychometric evidence of the perceived stress scale. Asian Nursing Research, 6(4), 121–127. doi:10.1016/j.anr.2012.08.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohamadi Hasel, K., Besharat, M. A., Abdolhoseini, A., Alaei Nasab, S., & Niknam, S. (2013). Relationships of personality factors to perceived stress, depression, and oral lichen planus severity. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20(2), 286–292. doi:10.1007/s12529-012-9226-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan-Lopez, A. A., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2006). Demonstration and evaluation of a method for assessing mediated moderation. Behavior Research Methods, 38(1), 77–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muñoz, R. A., McBride, M. E., Brnabic, A. J., López, C. J., Hetem, L. A. B., Secin, R., et al. (2005). Major depressive disorder in Latin America: the relationship between depression severity, painful somatic symptoms, and quality of life. Journal of Affective Disorders, 86(1), 93–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newton-Howes, G., Tyrer, P., Johnson, T., Mulder, R., Kool, S., Dekker, J., et al. (2014). Influence of personality on the outcome of treatment in depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Personality Disorders, 28(4), 577–593. doi:10.1521/pedi_2013_27_070.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, D. B., & Shimizu, M. (2002). Sense of personal control, stress and coping style: a cross-cultural study. Stress and Health, 18(4), 173–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ormel, J., Oldehinkel, A. J., & Brilman, E. I. (2001). The interplay and etiological continuity of neuroticism, difficulties, and life events in the etiology of major and subsyndromal, first and recurrent depressive episodes in later life. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(6), 885–891.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ormel, J., Bastiaansen, A., Riese, H., Bos, E. H., Servaas, M., Ellenbogen, M., et al. (2013). The biological and psychological basis of neuroticism: current status and future directions. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(1), 59–72. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.09.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, G., Cheah, Y.-C., & Roy, K. (2001). Do the Chinese somatize depression? A cross-cultural study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 36(6), 287–293.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perea, C. S., Paternina, A. C., Gomez, Y., & Lattig, M. C. (2012). Negative affectivity moderated by BDNF and stress response. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(3), 767–774. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.043.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Preacher, K. J., & Kelley, K. (2011). Effect size measures for mediation models: quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects. Psychological Methods, 16(2), 93–115. doi:10.1037/a0022658.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quilty, L. C., Van Ameringen, M., Mancini, C., Oakman, J., & Farvolden, P. (2003). Quality of life and the anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17(4), 405–426.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rammstedt, B., Goldberg, L. R., & Borg, I. (2010). The measurement equivalence of big five factor markers for persons with different levels of education. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(4), 53–61. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.10.005.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Remor, E. (2006). Psychometric properties of a European Spanish version of the perceived stress scale (PSS). The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 9(1), 86–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Renau, V., Oberst, U., Gosling, S. D., Rusiñol, J., & Lusar, A. C. (2013). Translation and validation of the ten-item-personality inventory into Spanish and Catalan. Aloma: revista de psicologia, ciències de l’educació i de l’esport Blanquerna, 31(2), 85–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, D. (2011). Prevalence and clinical course of depression: a review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(7), 1117–1125.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, D., & Sanabria, A. S. (2014). Point-prevalence of depression and associated risk factors. The Journal of Psychology, 148(3), 305–326. doi:10.1080/00223980.2013.800831.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roohafza, H., Feizi, A., Afshar, H., Mazaheri, M., Behnamfar, O., Hassanzadeh-Keshteli, A., et al. (2016). Path analysis of relationship among personality, perceived stress, coping, social support, and psychological outcomes. World Journal of Psychiatry, 6(2), 248–256. doi:10.5498/wjp.v6.i2.248.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Suls, J., & Martin, R. (2005). The daily life of the garden-variety neurotic: reactivity, stressor exposure, mood spillover, and maladaptive coping. Journal of Personality, 73(6), 1485–1509. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00356.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tellegen, A., Lykken, D. T., Bouchard, T. J., Wilcox, K. J., Segal, N. L., & Rich, S. (1988). Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1031.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez, F. L., Blanco, V., & Lopez, M. (2007). An adaptation of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for use in non-psychiatric Spanish populations. Psychiatry Research, 149(1–3), 247–252. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.03.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Versluis, A., Verkuil, B., Spinhoven, P., van der Ploeg, M. M., & Brosschot, J. F. (2016). Changing mental health and positive psychological well-being using ecological momentary interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 18(6), e152. doi:10.2196/jmir.5642.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Naghavi, M., Lozano, R., Michaud, C., Ezzati, M., et al. (2012). Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the global Burden of disease study 2010. Lancet, 380(9859), 2163–2196. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wongpakaran, N., & Wongpakaran, T. (2010). The Thai version of the PSS-10: An investigation of its psychometric properties. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 4, 6. doi:10.1186/1751-0759-4-6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361–370.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zung, W. W. (1971). A rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics, 12(6), 371–379. doi:10.1016/S0033-3182(71)71479-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by a research grant from Colciencias (grant # 823-2015). AA is supported by a research grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (PSI2015-65026, MINECO/FEDER/UE). The authors thank Rodrigo González-Reyes, MD, PhD, Andrés Camargo, RN, MSc, Karen Jiménez, BSc and Juliana Villada, whom helped with recruitment of subjects.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia

    Angela J. Pereira-Morales & Diego A. Forero

  2. Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Ana Adan

  3. Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Ana Adan

Authors
  1. Angela J. Pereira-Morales
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ana Adan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Diego A. Forero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Diego A. Forero.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

“All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.”

Informed Consent

“Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.”

Electronic supplementary material

Table S1

(DOCX 14 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pereira-Morales, A.J., Adan, A. & Forero, D.A. Perceived Stress as a Mediator of the Relationship between Neuroticism and Depression and Anxiety Symptoms. Curr Psychol 38, 66–74 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9587-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9587-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation