Skip to main content
Log in

Parental Awareness and Monitoring of Adolescent Internet Use

  • Published:
Current Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study focused on four aspects of parental monitoring of Internet use by their children: parental supervision, communication and tracking, and adolescent disclosure. Data were obtained from a SAFT (Safety Awareness for Teens Project) national survey of Singapore youths and parents regarding Internet safety at home. Study 1 examined 1,124 adolescents and 1,002 parents; Study 2 examined a subsample of 169 dyads of adolescents and their parents. Frequency of use and engagement in risky Internet behaviors such as visiting inappropriate websites were analysed. The results indicated that parents tend to underestimate adolescents’ engagement in risky Internet behaviors and overestimate the amount of parental monitoring regarding Internet safety that occurs at home. The study suggested that mothers have a better awareness of their adolescents’ Internet use than fathers. The findings were explained in the context of parental monitoring. The results suggest that parental monitoring needs to be reconceptualized and that parents need to improve the communication with their adolescents regarding Internet use.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bjornstad, T. L., & Ellingsen, T. (2004). Onliners: A report about youth and the Internet. SAFT. Retrieved on May 10, 2007 from http://www.saftonline.org/On-Liners.

  • Bumpus, M. F., Crouter, A. C., & McHale, S. M. (2001). Parental autonomy granting during adolescence: Exploring gender differences in context. Developmental Psychology, 37, 163–173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Center for the Digital Future, (2007). 2007 Digital future project. University of Southern California: Center for the Digital Future. Available at: http://www.digitalcenter.org/pages/current_report.asp?intGlobalId=19.

  • Crouter, A. C., Helms-Erikson, H., Updegraff, K., & McHale, S. M. (1999). Conditions underlying parents’ knowledge about children’s daily lives in middle childhood: Between- and within-family comparisons. Child Development, 70, 246–259.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crouter, A. C., MacDermid, S. M., McHale, S. M., & Perry-Jenkins, M. (1990). Parental supervision and perceptions of children’s school performance and conduct in dual- and single-earner families. Developmental Psychology, 26, 649–657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crouter, A. C., & McHale, S. M. (1993). Temporal rhythms in family life: Seasonal variation in the relation between parental work and family processes. Developmental Psychology, 29, 198–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crouter, A. C., McHale, S. M., & Bartko, W. T. (1993). Gender as an organizing feature in parent–child relationships. Journal of Social Issues, 49, 161–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flannery, D. J., Vazsonyi, A. T., Torquati, J., & Fridrich, A. (1994). Ethnic and gender differences in risk for early adolescent substance use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 23, 195–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hitlin, P., & Rainie, L. (2005). Teens, technology and school. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved on May 10, 2007 from http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/163/report_display.asp.

  • Jacobson, K. C., & Crockett, L. J. (2000). Parental monitoring and adolescent adjustment: An ecological perspective. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 10, 65–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerawalla, L., & Crook, C. (2002). Children’s computer use at home and at school: Context and continuity. British Educational Research Journal, 28, 751–771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, M., & Statin, H. (2000). What parents know, how they know it, and several forms of adolescent adjustment: Further support for a reinterpretation of monitoring. Developmental Psychology, 36, 366–380.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khoo, A., Liau, A., & Tan, E. (2006). What shall I say to my Net-savvy kids? Internet safety issues for parents?. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khoo, A., Lim, C. P., & Williams, M. D. (2003). Safe surfing: Chat rooms and cyber relationships. Paper presented at the National Youth Council Conference 2003, Youth.Net: Understanding and guiding the Y-ired generation, Singapore.

  • Koh, E. M. L., & Tan, J. (2000). Favoritism and the changing value of children: A note on the Chinese middle class in Singapore. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 31(4), 519–528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamborn, S., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Emotional autonomy redux: Revisiting Ryan and Lynch. Child Development, 64, 483–499.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lenhart, A. (2005). Protecting teens online. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved on May 10, 2007 from http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/152/report_display.asp.

  • Lenhart, A., & Madden, M. (2007). Teens, privacy & online social networks: How teens manage their online identities and personal information in the age of MySpace. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved on May 10, 2007 from http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/211/report_display.asp.

  • Liau, A. K., Khoo, A., & Ang, P. H. (2005). Factors influencing adolescent engagement in risky internet behavior. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 8, 513–520.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liau, A. K., Liau, W. L., Teoh, G. B. S., & Liau, M. T. L. (2003). The case for emotional Literacy: The influence of emotional intelligence on problem behaviours in Malaysian secondary school students. Journal of Moral Education, 32, 51–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lim, C. P., Khoo, A., Williams, M. D. (2003). A comparison of Singapore parents and children’s use of the Internet and perceptions of its dangers. Journal of APEC Studies, 5(1).

  • Livingstone, S. (2003). Children’s use of the Internet: Reflections on the emerging research agenda. New Media & Society, 5(2), 147–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, S., & Bober, M. (2004). UK Children Go Online: Surveying the experiences of young people and their parents. Downloaded on August 6, 2004 from www.children-go-online.net.

  • Longmore, M. A., Manning, W. D., & Giordano, P. C. (2001). Preadolescent parenting strategies and teens’ dating and sexual initiation: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63, 322–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Media-Awareness (2000). Canada’s children in a wired world: The parents’ view. A survey of internet use in Canadian families. Media Awareness, 20(2), 17–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mesch, G. S. (2003). The family and the internet: The Israeli case. Social Science Quarterly, 84(4), 1038–1050.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2001). Risk factors for and impact of online sexual solicitation of youth. JAMA, 285, 3011–3014.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montemayor, R. (2001). Parental monitoring. In J. V. Lerner, R. M. Lerner, & J. Finkelstein (Eds.), Adolescence in America: An encyclopedia, Vol. II (pp. 481–484). Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phares, V., Compas, B. E., & Howell, D. C. (1989). Perspectives on child behavior problems: Comparisons of children’s self-reports with parent and teacher reports. Psychological Assessment, 1, 68–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silverberg, S. B., & Gondoli, D. M. (1996). Autonomy in adolescence: A contextualized perspective. In G. R. Adams, R. Montemayor, & T. P. Gullota (Eds.), Psychosocial development during adolescence: Progress in developmental contextualism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staksrud, E. (2003). Parents believe, kids act. Paper presented at the 2003 SAFT conference—Future Kids Online: How to promote Safety, Awareness, Facts and Tools, Sweden (www.saftonline.org), October.

  • Statin, H., & Kerr, M. (2000). Parental monitoring: A reinterpretation. Child Development, 71, 1072–1085.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, P., Unger, J. B., Palmer, P. H., Gallaher, P., Chou, C. P., Baezconde-Garbanati, L., et al. (2005). Internet accessibility and usage among urban adolescents in southern California: Implications for web-based health research. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 8, 441–453.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tein, J. Y., Roosa, M. W., & Michaels, M. (1994). Agreement between parent and child reports of parental behaviors. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56(2), 241–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turow, J. (2001). Family boundaries, commercialism, and the Internet: A framework for research. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22, 73–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waizenhofer, R. N., Buchanan, C. M., & Jackson-Newsom, J. (2004). Mothers’ and fathers’ knowledge of adolescents’ daily activities: Its sources and its links with adolescent adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 348–360.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, R., Bianchi, S. M., & Raley, S. B. (2005). Teenagers’ internet use and family rules: A research note. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1249–1258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolak, J., Mitchell, K. J., & Finkelhor, D. (2002). Close online relationships in a national sample of adolescents. Adolescence, 37, 441–455.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolak, J., Mitchell, K. J., & Finkelhor, D. (2003). Escaping or connecting? Characteristics of youth who form close online relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 26, 105–119.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the meeting of the European South–East Asian Conference in Paris, France, September, 2004. This study was supported by the Media Development Authority, Singapore and the Parents’ Advisory Group for the Internet (PAGi). We would also like to thank Elisabeth Staksrud, Project Coordinator from Safety, Awareness, Facts and Tools (SAFT), Norway, for sharing the survey with us. The cooperation of the schools, teachers, and pupils who participated in the study is gratefully appreciated.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Albert Kienfie Liau.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Liau, A.K., Khoo, A. & Ang, P.H. Parental Awareness and Monitoring of Adolescent Internet Use. Curr Psychol 27, 217–233 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-008-9038-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-008-9038-6

Keywords

Navigation