Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Examining the Long-Term Consequences of Bullying on Adult Substance Use

  • Published:
American Journal of Criminal Justice Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Violence is a major concern in the school safety literature. With the potential negative impact of bullying victimization, it is imperative that bullying also be seen as an important social problem that has potential long-term mental and physical health consequences (CDC Surveillance Summaries, 65(6), 1-50, 2016). Numerous studies have documented the negative consequences of bullying in childhood, contending that bullying during childhood can lead to a variety of adulthood problems (Farrington, Loeber, Stallings, & Ttofi Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 3(2), 74-81, 2011; Rigby, 2007). Fewer studies have examined the long-term consequences of childhood bullying on adult substance use. This study uses Bureau of Labor Statistics’ National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1997) data to examine the association between school-aged bullying (under the age of 19) and adult alcohol, cigarette, and drug use (using Wave 10 from 2007).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agnew, R. S. (1985). A revised strain theory of delinquency: A longitudinal test. Social Forces, 64(1), 151–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agnew, R. S. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30(1), 47–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agnew, R. S. (2001). Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38(4), 319–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arseneault, L., Walsh, E., Trzesniewski, K., Newcombe, R., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2006). Bullying victimization uniquely contributes to adjustment problems in young children: A nationally representative cohort study. Pediatrics, 118, 130–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, T., & Pelfrey Jr., W. V. (2016). Bullying victimization, social network usage, and delinquent coping in a sample of urban youth: Examining the predictions of general strain theory. Violence & Victims. Advance online publication. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-14-00154.

  • Batsche, G. M., & Knoff, H. M. (1994). Bullies and their victims: Understanding a pervasive problem in the schools. School Psychology Review, 23(2), 165–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond, L., Carlin, J. B., Thomas, L., Rubin, K., & Patton, G. (2001). Does bullying cause emotional problems? A prospective study of young teenagers. British Medical Journal, 323, 480–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broidy, L. (2001). A test of general strain theory. Criminology, 39(1), 9–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. (1997) National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997–2011 cohorts. Produced by the National Opinion Research Center, the University of Chicago and distributed by the Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University. Columbus: 2012.

  • Cairns, R. B., & Cairns, B. D. (1994). Lifelines and risks: Pathways of youth in our time. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Morbidity and mortality weekly report: Youth risk behavior surveillance, United States, 2015. Surveillance Summaries., 65(6), 1–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clemson University. (2016). Olweus bullying prevention program. Institute on family and neighborhood life. Retrieved from www.clemson.edu/olweus/

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell, N. M., Morris, R. G., & Piquero, A. R. (2016). Predicting bullying: Exploring the contributions of childhood negative life experiences in predicting adolescent bullying behavior. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60(9), 1082–1096.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen, F. T., Unnever, J. D., Hartman, J. L., Turner, M. G., & Agnew, R. (2008). Gender, bullying victimization, and juvenile delinquency: A test of general strain theory. Victims and Offenders, 3(4), 331–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Due, P., Holstein, B. E., Lynch, J., Diderichsen, F., Gabhain, S. N., Scheidt, P., Currie, C., & Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children Bullying Working Group. (2005). Bullying and symptoms among school-aged children: International comparative cross sectional study in 28 countries. European Journal of Public Health, 15(2), 128–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farrington, D. P. (1993). Understanding and preventing bullying. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice: A review of the research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrington, D. P., Loeber, R., Stallings, R., & Ttofi, M. M. (2011). Bullying perpetration and victimization as predictors of delinquency and depression in the Pittsburgh youth study. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 3(2), 74–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feder, L. (2007). Bullying as a public health issue. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 52(5), 491–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fekkes, M., Pijpers, F. I. M., & Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P. (2004). Bullying behavior and associations with psychosomatic complaints and depression in victims. Journal of Pediatrics, 144(1), 17–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fonagy, P., Twemlow, S. W., Vernberg, E., Sacco, F. C., & Little, T. D. (2005). Creating a peaceful school learning environment: The impact of an antibullying program on educational attainment in elementary schools. Medical Science Monitor, 11(7), 317–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gladden, R. M., Vivolo - Kantor, A. M., Hamburger, M. E., & Lumpkin, C. D. (2014). Bullying surveillance among youth: Uniform definitions for public health and recommended data elements, version 1.0. Atlanta: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and U.S. Department of Education.

  • Goldbaum, S., Craig, W. M., Pepler, D., & Connolly, J. (2003). Developmental trajectories of victimization: Identifying risk and protective factors. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 19(2), 139–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, S., Bellmore, A., & Juvonen, J. (2003). Peer victimization in middle school: When self- and peer views diverge. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 19(2), 117–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, S., & Juvonen, J. (1998). A social cognitive perspective on peer aggression and victimization. Annals of Child Development, 13, 21–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, J. D., Farrington, D. P., & Catalano, R. (1998). Reducing violence through the schools. In D. W. Elliot, B. A. Hamburg, & K. R. Williams (Eds.), Violence in American schools. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hay, C., & Meldrum, R. (2010). Bullying victimization and adolescent self-harm: Testing hypotheses from general strain theory. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(5), 446–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hay, C., Meldrum, R., & Mann, K. (2010). Traditional bullying, cyber bullying, and deviance: A general strain theory approach. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 26, 130–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, S. C., Durkin, K., Boyle, J. M. E., Booth, J. N., & Rasmussen, S. (2014). Adolescent bullying and sleep difficulties. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 10(4), 740–755.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jang, H., Song, J., & Kim, R. (2014). Does the offline bully-victimization influence cyberbullying behavior among youths? Application of general strain theory. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 85–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaltiala-Heino, R., Rimpela, M., Marttunen, M., Rimpela, A., & Rantanen, P. (1999). Bullying, depression, and suicidal ideation in Finnish adolescents: School survey. British Medical Journal, 319, 348–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, M. J., Catalano, R. F., Haggerty, K. P., & Abbott, R. D. (2011). Bullying at elementary school and problem behavior in young adulthood: A study of bullying, violence, and substance use from age 11 to age 21. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 21(2), 136–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ladd, G. W. (2003). Probing the adaptive significance of children’s behavior and relationships in the school context: A child by environment perspective. In R. V. Kail (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (pp. 43–104). San Diego: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsui, T., Tsuzuki, Y., Kakuyama, T., & Onglatco, M. L. (1996). Long term outcomes of early victimization by peers among Japanese male university students: Model of a vicious cycle. Psychological Reports, 79(3), 711–720.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (1997). Violent responses to strain: An examination of condition influences. Violence and Victims, 12(4), 323–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Modecki, K. L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A. G., Guerra, N. G., & Runions, K. C. (2014). Bullying prevalence across contexts: A meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(5), 602–611.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moon, B., Blurton, D., & McClusky, J. (2008). General strain theory and delinquency: Focusing on the influences of key strain characteristics on delinquency. Crime and Delinquency, 54(4), 582–613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moon, B., & Jang, S. J. (2014). A general strain approach to psychological and physical bullying: A study of interpersonal aggression at school. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29, 2147–2171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moon, B., Morash, M., & McCluskey, J. D. (2012). General strain theory and school bullying: An empirical test in South Korea. Crime & Delinquency, 58(6), 827–855.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 285(16), 2094–2100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Education Statistics. (2017). Average number of hours in the school day and average number of days in the school year for public schools, by state: 2007–08. https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/sass/tables/sass0708_035_s1s.asp

  • Niemela, S., Brunetein-Klomek, A., Silanmaki, L., Helenius, H., Piha, J., Kumpulainen, K., Moilanen, I., Tamminen, T., ALmqvist, F., & Sourander, A. (2011). Childhood bullying behaviors at age eight and substance use at age 18 among males. A nationwide prospective study. Addictive Behaviors, 36(3), 256–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olweus, D. (1994). Bully at school: Long-term outcomes for the victims and an effective school-based intervention program. In L. Huesmann (Ed.), Aggressive behavior: Current perspectives (pp. 97–129). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Olweus, D. (1995). Bullying or peer abuse at school: Facts and intervention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(6), 196–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olweus, D., & Limber, S. P. (2010). Bullying in school: Evaluation and dissemination of the Olweus. Bullying Prevention Program. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80, 124–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1987). Peer relations and late personal adjustment: Are low-accepted children at risk? Psychological Bulletin, 102, 358–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patchin, J. W. & Hinduga, S. (2010). Cyberbullying and self-esteem. Journal of School Health, 80(12), 614-621.

  • Perren, S., & Alsaker, F. D. (2006). Social behavior and peer relationships of victims, bully-victims, and bullies in kindergarten. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(1), 45–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piquero, N. L., & Sealock, M. D. (2000). Generalizing general strain theory: An examination of an offending population. Justice Quarterly, 17(3), 449–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rigby, K. (2003). Consequences of bullying in schools. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 583–590.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rigby, K. (2007). Bullying in schools and what to do about it. Melbourne: Council for Education Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivara, F., & Le Menestrel, S. (Eds.). (2016). Preventing bullying through science, policy, and research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salmon, G., & Smith, M. (1998). Bullying in schools: Self-reported anxiety, depression, and self-esteem in secondary school children. British Medical Journal, 317, 924–925.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp, S. (1995). How much does bullying hurt? The effects of bullying on the personal wellbeing and educational progress of secondary aged students. Educational and Child Psychology, 12(2), 81–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swearer, S., Siebecker, A., Johnsen-Frerichs, L., & Wang, C. (2010). Assessment of bullying/victimization: The problem of comparability across studies and across methods. In S. Jimerson, S. Swearer, & D. Espelage (Eds.), Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective (pp. 305–327). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Department of Education. (2013). Student reports of bullying and cyber-bulling: Results from the 2013 school crime supplement to the national crime victimization survey. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2015/2015056.pdf.

  • United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2016). Prevention at school. https://www.stopbullying.gov/prevention/at-school/.

  • Van der Wal, M. F., De Wit, C. A., & Hirasing, R. A. (2003). Psychosocial health among young victims and offenders of direct and indirect bullying. Pediatrics, 111(6), 1312–1317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, W. (2000). Binge drinking on America’s college campuses: Findings from the Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study. http://archive.sph.harvard.edu/cas/Documents/monograph_2000/cas_mono_2000.pdf

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Susan T. Quinn.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Quinn, S.T., Stewart, M.C. Examining the Long-Term Consequences of Bullying on Adult Substance Use. Am J Crim Just 43, 85–101 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-017-9407-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-017-9407-5

Keywords

Navigation