Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Bullying Victimization Among LGBTQ Youth: Critical Issues and Future Directions

  • Sexual Orientation and Identity (E Coleman and J Vencill, Section Editors)
  • Published:
Current Sexual Health Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

This paper examines recent research on bullying victimization among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth to identify critical issues and advocate for future research priorities.

Recent Findings

Recent studies have begun to document the importance of bullying in general, and bias-based bullying (rooted in stigma) in particular, on the health and well-being of this vulnerable subgroup of adolescents, as well as drivers of disparities. Current research demonstrates the importance of multiple, overlapping identities, key difference among LGBTQ youth, and the role of protective factors for youth who are the targets of bullying.

Summary

Researchers, clinicians, and those working with and on behalf of LGBTQ youth must measure and acknowledge the multiple reasons for which LGBTQ youth are the targets of bullying. Intervention and prevention efforts should focus on improving the supportiveness of the climates within which LGBTQ youth live.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Variation in terms/acronyms reflects variations in samples in the literature cited. We use LGBTQ as an umbrella term where findings apply to both LGBQ and TGD youth or data from LGBQ and TGD youth were analyzed together without distinctions between groups.

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Copeland WE, Wolke D, Lereya ST, Shanahan L, Worthman C, Costello EJ. Childhood bullying involvement predicts low-grade systemic inflammation into adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2014;111:7570–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Gini G, Pozzoli T. Association between bullying and psychosomatic problems: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2009;123:1059–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Reijntjes A, Kamphuis JH, Prinzie P, Telch MJ. Peer victimization and internalizing problems in children: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Child Abuse Negl. 2010;34:244–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Zarate-Garza PP, Biggs BK, Croarkin P, Morath B, Leffler J, Cuellar-Barboza A, et al. How well do we understand the long-term implications of childhood bullying. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2017;25:89–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Reijntjes A, Kamphuis JH, Prinzie P, Boelen PA, van der Schoot M, Telch MJ. Prospective linkages between peer victimization and externalizing problems in children: a meta-analysis. Aggress Behav. 2011;37:215–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. • Toomey RB, Russell ST. The role of sexual orientation in school-based victimization: a meta-analysis. Youth Soc. 2016;48:176–201. This meta-analysis contextualizes the size of the disparity in bullying victimization for LGBQ compared to straight youth.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Eisenberg ME, Gower AL, BJ MM, Rider GN, Shea G, Coleman E. Risk and protective factors in the lives of transgender/gender nonconforming adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2017;61:521–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Berlan ED, Corliss HL, Field AE, Goodman E, Austin SB. Sexual orientation and bullying among adolescents in the Growing Up Today Study. J Adolesc Health. 2010;46:366–71.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Kessel Schneider S, O’Donnell L, Smith E. Trends in cyberbullying and school bullying victimization in a regional census of high school students, 2006–2012. J Sch Health. 2015;85:611–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. • Goodenow C, Homma Y, Watson RJ, Adjei J, Saewyc E. Sexual orientation trends and disparities in school bullying and violence-related experiences, 1999–2013. Psychol Sex Orientat Gend Divers. 2016;3:386–96. This trend analysis examines bullying over time for LGBQ youth.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Clark TC, MFG L, Bullen P, Denny SJ, Fleming TM, Robinson EM, et al. The health and well-being of transgender high school students: results from the New Zealand Adolescent Health Survey (Youth’12). J Adolesc Health. 2014;55:93–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Schuster MA, Bogart LM, Elliott MN, et al. A longitudinal study of bullying of sexual-minority youth. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1873–4.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Kann L, et al. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance - United States, 2017. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2018;67

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. • Ybarra ML, Mitchell KJ, Kosciw JG, Korchmaros JD. Understanding linkages between bullying and suicidal ideation in a national sample of LGB and heterosexual youth in the United States. Prev Sci. 2015;16:451–62. This paper examines variations within LGBQ youth.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Institute of Medicine. The health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people: building a foundation for better understanding. Washington, D.C.; 2011.

  16. Corliss HL, Rosario M, Wypij D, Fisher LB, Austin SB. Sexual orientation disparities in longitudinal alcohol use patterns among adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008;162:1071–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Calzo JP, Roberts AL, Corliss HL, Blood EA, Kroshus E, Austin SB. Physical activity disparities in heterosexual and sexual minority youth ages 12–22 years old: roles of childhood gender nonconformity and athletic self-esteem. Ann Behav Med. 2014;47:17–27.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Marshal MP, Dietz LJ, Friedman MS, Stall R, Smith HA, McGinley J, et al. Suicidality and depression disparities between sexual minority and heterosexual youth: a meta-analytic review. J Adolesc Health. 2011;49:115–23.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. • Veale JF, Peter T, Travers R, Saewyc EM. Enacted stigma, mental health, and protective factors among transgender youth in Canada. Transgender Health. 2017;2:207–16. This paper examines protective factors for TGD youth.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Watson RJ, Adjei J, Saewyc E, Homma Y, Goodenow C. Trends and disparities in disordered eating among heterosexual and sexual minority adolescents. Int J Eat Disord. 2017;50:22–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. What is bullying [Internet]. Available from: https://www.stopbullying.gov/what-is-bullying/index.html.

  22. Espelage DL, Swearer SM. Research on school bullying and victimization: what have we learned and where do we go from here? Sch Psychol Rev. 2003;32:365–83.

    Google Scholar 

  23. United States Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020 [Internet]. 2011. Available from: http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicId=24.

  24. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. Preventing bullying through science, policy, and practice [Internet]. Washington, D.C.; 2016. Available from: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/23482.

  25. Russell ST, Ryan C, Toomey RB, Diaz RM, Sanchez J. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescent school victimization: implications for young adult health and adjustment. J Sch Health. 2011;81:223–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. •• Birkett M, Newcomb ME, Mustanski B. Does it get better? A longitudinal analysis of psychological distress and victimization in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth. J Adolesc Health. 2015;56:280–5. This multi-wave longitudinal study sheds light on the interplay of victimization and emotional distress across time.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Robinson JP, Espelage DL, Rivers I. Developmental trends in peer victimization and emotional distress in LGB and heterosexual youth. Pediatrics. 2013;131:423–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Liu RT, Mustanski B. Suicidal ideation and self-harm in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. Am J Prev Med. 2012;42:221–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Mustanski B, Andrews R, Puckett JA. The effects of cumulative victimization on mental health among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescents and young adults. Am J Public Health. 2016;106:527–33.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Espelage DL, Merrin GJ, Hatchel T. Peer victimization and dating violence among LGBTQ youth: the impact of school violence and crime on mental health outcomes. Youth Violence Juv Justice. 2018;16:156–73.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Hall WJ. Psychosocial risk and protective factors for depression among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer youth: a systematic review. J Homosex. 2018;65:263–316.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Birkett M, Espelage DL, Koenig B. LGB and questioning students in schools: the moderating effects of homophobic bullying and school climate on negative outcomes. J Youth Adolesc. 2009;38:989–1000.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Birkett M, Russell ST, Corliss HL. Sexual-orientation disparities in school: the mediational role of indicators of victimization in achievement and truancy because of feeling unsafe. Am J Public Health. 2014;104:1124–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Kosciw JG, Palmer NA, Kull RM, Greytak EA. The effect of negative school climate on academic outcomes for LGBT youth and the role of in-school supports. J Sch Violence. 2013;12:45–63.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Robinson JP, Espelage DL. Bullying explains only part of LGBTQ-heterosexual risk disparities: implications for policy and practice. Educ Res. 2012;41:309–19.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Aragon SR, Poteat VP, Espelage DL, Koenig BW. The influence of peer victimization on educational outcomes for LGBTQ and non-LGBTQ high school students. J LGBT Youth. 2014;11:1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Newcomb ME, Heinz AJ, Mustanski B. Examining risk and protective factors for alcohol use in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: a longitudinal multilevel analysis. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2012;73:783–93.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Newcomb ME, Heinz AJ, Birkett MD, et al. A longitudinal examination of risk and protective factors for cigarette smoking among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. J Adolesc Heal. 2014;54:558–64.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Coulter RWS, Bersamin M, Russell ST, Mair C. The effects of gender- and sexuality-based harassment on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender substance use disparities. J Adolesc Heal. 2018;62:688–700.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Seil KS, Desai MM, Smith MV. Sexual orientation, adult connectedness, substance use, and mental health outcomes among adolescents: findings from the 2009 New York city Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Am J Public Health. 2014;104:1950–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Day JK, Fish JN, Perez-Brumer A, Hatzenbuehler ML, Russell ST. Transgender youth substance use disparities: results from a population-based sample. J Adolesc Heal. 2017;61:729–35.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Bucchianeri MM, Gower AL, McMorris BJ, Eisenberg ME. Youth experiences with multiple types of prejudice-based harassment. J Adolesc. 2016;51:68–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Bucchianeri MM, Eisenberg ME, Wall MM, Piran N, Neumark-Sztainer D. Multiple types of harassment: associations with emotional well-being and unhealthy behaviors in adolescents. J Adolesc Heal. 2014;54:724–9.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Russell ST, Sinclair KO, Poteat VP, Koenig BW. Adolescent health and harassment based on discriminatory bias. Am J Public Health. 2012;102:493–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Espelage D, Aragon S, Birkett M, Koenig B. Homophobic teasing, psychological outcomes, and sexual orientation among high school students: what influence do parents and schools have? School Psych Rev. 2008;37:202–16.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Salmon S, Turner S, Taillieu T, Fortier J, Afifi TO. Bullying victimization experiences among middle and high school adolescents: traditional bullying, discriminatory harassment, and cybervictimization. J Adolesc. 2018;63:29–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Walton LM. The effects of “bias based bullying” (BBB) on health, education, and cognitive-social-emotional outcomes in children with minority backgrounds: proposed comprehensive public health intervention solutions. J Immigr Minor Heal. 2017:1–5.

  48. Earnshaw VA, Reisner SL, Menino DD, Poteat VP, Bogart LM, Barnes TN, et al. Stigma-based bullying interventions: a systematic review. Dev Rev. 2018;48:178–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Baams L, Talmage CA, Russell ST. Economic costs of bias-based bullying. Sch Psychol Q. 2017;32:422–33.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Jones LM, Mitchell KJ, Turner HA, Ybarra ML. Characteristics of bias-based harassment incidents reported by a national sample of U.S. adolescents. J Adolesc. 2018;65:50–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Eisenberg ME, Gower AL, McMorris BJ, Rider GN, Coleman E. Emotional distress, bullying experiences, and protective factors among transgender and gender diverse youth in city, suburban, town and rural locations. J Rural Heal. Available online June 25th, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12311.

  52. Gower AL, Rider GN, Coleman E, Brown C, McMorris BJ, Eisenberg ME. Perceived gender presentation among transgender and gender nonconforming youth: approaches to analysis and associations with bullying and mental health. LGBT Heal. 2018;5:312–9.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Meyer IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull. 2003;129:674–97.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Hendricks ML, Testa RJ. A conceptual framework for clinical work with transgender and gender nonconforming clients: an adaptation of the minority stress model. Prof Psychol Res Pract. 2012;43:460–7.

    Google Scholar 

  55. • Burton CM, Marshal MP, Chisolm DJ, Sucato GS, Friedman MS. Sexual minority-related victimization as a mediator of mental health disparities in sexual minority youth: a longitudinal analysis. J Youth Adolesc. 2013;42:394–402. This longitudinal mediation study examines the role of bias-based bullying in emotional distress for LGBQ youth.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. • Reisner SL, Greytak EA, Parsons JT, Ybarra ML. Gender minority social stress in adolescence: disparities in adolescent bullying and substance use by gender identity. J Sex Res. 2015;52:243–56. This paper examines the mediating role of bias-based bullying on substance use for TGD youth.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Pilkington NW, D’Augelli AR. Victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth in community settings. J Community Psychol. 1995;23:33–55.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Roberts AL, Rosario M, Corliss HL, Koenen KC, Austin SB. Childhood gender nonconformity: a risk indicator for childhood abuse and posttraumatic stress in youth. Pediatrics. 2012;129:410–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Sterzing PR, Ratliff GA, Gartner RE, McGeough BL, Johnson KC. Social ecological correlates of polyvictimization among a national sample of transgender, genderqueer, and cisgender sexual minority adolescents. Child Abus Negl. 2017;67:1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Sterzing PR, Hong JS, Gartner RE, Auslander WF. Child maltreatment and bullying victimization among a community-based sample of sexual minority youth: the meditating role of psychological distress. J Child Adolesc Trauma. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma. 2016;9:283–93.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Hatzenbuehler ML, Pachankis JE. Stigma and minority stress as social determinants of health among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: research evidence and clinical implications. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2016;63:985–97.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Human Rights Campaign. Post-Election Survey of Youth [Internet]. Washington, D.C.; 2017. Available from: https://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/HRC_PostElectionSurveyofYouth.pdf

  63. Bowleg L. The problem with the phrase women and minorities: intersectionality-an important theoretical framework for public health. Am J Public Health. 2012;102:1267–73.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Crenshaw K. Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. In: Albertson Fineman M, Mykitiuk R, editors. The Public Nature of Private Violence. New York: Routledge; 1994. p. 93–118.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Eisenberg ME, Gower AL, Rider GN, McMorris BJ, Coleman E. At the intersection of sexual orientation and gender identity: variations in emotional distress and bullying experience in a large population-based sample of U.S. adolescents. Under review.

  66. Mustanski B, Birkett M, Greene GJ, Rosario M, Bostwick W, Everett BG. The association between sexual orientation identity and behavior across race/ethnicity, sex, and age in a probability sample of high school students. Am J Public Health. 2014;104:237–44.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. López N, Gadsden VL. Health inequities, social determinants, and intersectionality. Natl Acad Med. 2016:1–15.

  68. Poteat VP, Mereish EH, DiGiovanni CD, Koenig BW. The effects of general and homophobic victimization on adolescents’ psychosocial and educational concerns: the importance of intersecting identities and parent support. J Couns Psychol. 2011;58:597–609.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Haines-Saah RJ, Hilario CT, Jenkins EK, Ng CKY, Johnson JL. Understanding adolescent narratives about “bullying” through an intersectional lens: implications for youth mental health interventions. Youth Soc. 2016;50:636–58.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Hatchel T, Marx RA. Understanding intersectionality and resiliency among transgender adolescents: exploring pathways among peer victimization, school belonging, and drug use. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15:1289. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061289.

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Taliaferro LA, Gloppen KM, Muehlenkamp JJ, Eisenberg ME. Depression and suicidality among bisexual youth: a nationally representative sample. J LGBT Youth. 2018;15:16–31.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Bosse JD, Chiodo L. It is complicated: gender and sexual orientation identity in LGBTQ youth. J Clin Nurs. 2016;25:3665–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Clark BA, Veale JF, Townsend M, Frohard-Dourlent H, Saewyc E. Non-binary youth: access to gender-affirming primary health care. Int J Transgenderism. 2018;2739:1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  74. The Williams Institute. Gender-related measures overview [Internet]. 2013. Available at: https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/GenIUSS-Gender-related-Question-Overview.pdf

  75. Frohard-Dourlent H, Dobson S, Clark BA, Doull M, Saewyc EM. “I would have preferred more options:” accounting for non-binary youth in health research. Nurs Inq. 2017;24:1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Toomey RB, Ryan C, Diaz RM, Card NA, Russell ST. Gender-nonconforming lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: school victimization and young adult psychosocial adjustment. Dev Psychol. 2010;46:1580–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Bronfenbrenner U. The ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Resnick MD, Bearman PS, Blum RW, Bauman KE, Harris KM, Jones J, et al. Protecting adolescents from harm: findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. J Am Med Assoc. 1997;278:823–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Sieving RE, McRee AL, McMorris BJ, Shlafer RJ, Gower AL, Kapa HM, et al. Youth–adult connectedness: a key protective factor for adolescent health. Am J Prev Med. 2017;52:S275–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Hong JS, Espelage DL. A review of research on bullying and peer victimization in school: an ecological system analysis. Aggress Violent Behav. 2012;17:311–22.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Marshall A, Yarber WL, Sherwood-Laughlin CM, Gray ML, Estell DB. Coping and survival skills: the role school personnel play regarding support for bullied sexual minority-oriented youth. J Sch Health. 2015;85:334–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Greytak EA, Kosciw JG, Villenas C, Giga NM. From teasing to torment: school climate revisited, a survey of U.S. secondary school students and teachers [Internet]. 2016. Available from: https://www.glsen.org/sites/default/files/TeasingtoTorment%202015%20FINAL%20PDF%5B1%5D_0.pdf

  83. • Kosciw JG, Greytak EA, Giga NM, Villenas C, Danischewski DJ. The 2015 National School Climate Survey: the experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth in our nation’s schools. New York; 2015. Available from: https://www.glsen.org/sites/default/files/2015%20National%20GLSEN%202015%20National%20School%20Climate%20Survey%20%28NSCS%29%20-%20Full%20Report_0.pdf. This report includes LGBTQ youth's experiences in school on a wide range of topics including general and bias-based bullying.

  84. Johns MM, Beltran O, Armstrong HL, Jayne PE, Barrios LC. Protective factors among transgender and gender variant youth: a systematic review by socioecological level. J Prim Prev. 2018;39:263–301.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Olson KR, Durwood L, DeMeules M, McLaughlin KA. Mental health of transgender children who are supported in their identities. Pediatrics. 2016;137:e20153223.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Katz-Wise SL, Ehrensaft D, Vetters R, Forcier M, Austin SB. Family functioning and mental health of transgender and gender-nonconforming youth in the Trans Teen and Family Narratives Project. J Sex Res. 2018:1–9.

  87. Greytak EA, Kosciw JG, Boesen MJ. Putting the “T” in “Resource:" the benefits of LGBT-related school resources for transgender youth. 2013;45–63.

  88. Katz-Wise SL, Rosario M, Tsappis M. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth and family acceptance. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2016;63:1011–25.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Gower AL, Rider GN, Brown C, McMorris BJ, Coleman E, Taliaferro LA, et al. Supporting transgender and gender diverse youth: protection against emotional distress and substance use. Am J Prev Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.06.030.

    Google Scholar 

  90. • Marx RA, Kettrey HH. Gay-straight alliances are associated with lower levels of school-based victimization of LGBTQ+ youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Youth Adolesc. 2016;45:1269–82. This meta-analysis summarizes research on GSAs.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Davis B, Royne Stafford MB, Pullig C. How gay-straight alliance groups mitigate the relationship between gay-bias victimization and adolescent suicide attempts. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53:1271–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Heck NC, Flentje A, Cochran BN. Offsetting risks: high school gay-straight alliances and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. Sch Psychol Q. 2011;26:161–74.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Gower AL, Forster M, Gloppen K, Johnson AZ, Eisenberg ME, Connett JE, et al. School practices to foster LGBT-supportive climate: associations with adolescent bullying involvement. Prev Sci. 2018;19:813–821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-017-0847-4.

    Google Scholar 

  94. National School Climate Council. The school climate challenge: narrowing the gap between school climate research and school climate policy, practice guidelines, and teacher education policy [Internet]. 2007. Available from: http://www.schoolclimate.org/climate/documents/%0Aschool-climate-challenge.pdf

  95. Thapa A, Cohen J, Guffey S, Higgins-D’Alessandro A. A review of school climate research. Rev Educ Res. 2013;83:357–85.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Porta CM, Singer E, Mehus CJ, Gower AL, Saewyc E, Fredkove W, et al. LGBTQ youth’s views on Gay-Straight Alliances: building community, providing gateways, and representing safety and support. J Sch Health. 2017;87:489–97.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Konishi C, Saewyc E, Homma Y, Poon C. Population-level evaluation of school-based interventions to prevent problem substance use among gay, lesbian and bisexual adolescents in Canada. Prev Med. 2013;57:929–33.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Duncan DT, Hatzenbuehler ML, Johnson RM. Neighborhood-level LGBT hate crimes and current illicit drug use among sexual minority youth. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;135:65–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Simmons M, Shalwitz J, Pollock S, Young A. Adolescent health care 101: The basics [Internet]. 2003. Available from: http://www.ahwg.net/resources/toolkit.htm

Download references

Funding

Research reported in this publication was supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development of the National Institutes of Health under Award Numbers R21HD088757 and R01HD078470. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA

    Amy L. Gower & Marla E. Eisenberg

  2. Program in Human Sexuality, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, 1300 S. 2nd St., Suite 180, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA

    G. Nic Rider

  3. Center for Adolescent Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA

    Barbara J. McMorris

Authors
  1. Amy L. Gower
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. G. Nic Rider
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Barbara J. McMorris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Marla E. Eisenberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amy L. Gower.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Amy L. Gower, G. Nicole Rider, Barbara J. McMorris, and Marla E. Eisenberg each report grants from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development of the National Institutes of Health under Award Numbers R21HD088757 and R01HD078470.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Sexual Orientation and Identity

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gower, A.L., Rider, G.N., McMorris, B.J. et al. Bullying Victimization Among LGBTQ Youth: Critical Issues and Future Directions. Curr Sex Health Rep 10, 246–254 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11930-018-0169-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11930-018-0169-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation