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Gender- and Sex-Based Contributors to Sex Differences in PTSD

  • Sex and Gender Issues in Behavioral Health (CN Epperson and L Hantsoo, Section Editors)
  • Published:
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Abstract

Purpose of Review

Sex differences in PTSD are well-established with a 2:1 sex ratio favouring women. Less well-established is the basis of such differences. The purpose of this review is to explore recent research examining potential gender- and sex-based contributors to sex differences in PTSD.

Recent Findings

We identified 19 studies published since 2015. Masculinity is inconclusively associated with PTSD, but masculine ideals and masculine gender role stress are positively associated with PTSD. Among the sex-related factors, testosterone, oestradiol, progesterone, and ALLO/5α-progesterone ratio are believed to be involved in the development of PTSD. These factors likely affect PTSD risk directly and through epigenetic mechanisms.

Summary

Findings suggest that gender and sex have multiple ways of affecting PTSD, including gender roles, genetic predisposition, and hormonal influences. These factors work together to put women at a particular risk of developing PTSD. By conducting more research, we may improve prediction, prevention, and treatment of PTSD.

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Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Center for Psychotraumatology, Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

    Dorte M. Christiansen & Emma T. Berke

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Christiansen, D.M., Berke, E.T. Gender- and Sex-Based Contributors to Sex Differences in PTSD. Curr Psychiatry Rep 22, 19 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-020-1140-y

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